Development of Abilities in children Flashcards
name the factors in the process of development
- vision
- hearing
- movements
- interaction
describe how..
- vision changes
- hearing changes
- movement changes
- interaction changes
Vision
neonate - limited visual acuity 6/60
adolescent - visual acuity and accommodation at adult levels
hearing
neonate - Hearing good, can make phonetic distinctions, but no understanding or production of language
adolescent- adult hearing and linguistic abilities
movements
neonate - mass body movements with sub-cortical and spinal reflexes
adolescent- high levels of gross and fine motor coronation
interaction
neonate - basic neural processing of sensory stimuli
adolescent - intellectual abilities close to adult levels
what are the 4 parts of piagets theory
sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years old)
preoperational stage (ages 2-7)
concrete operations (ages 7-11)
formal operations (beginning at ages 11-15)
describe the 4 parts of pigaets theory
Sensorimotor stage ages birth to 2 years old – learn how to interact with the envrornment and you use all of your 5 senses, also object permanence develops – see that the object exists even if they have dropped it and cannot see it
Preoperational stage ages 2-7– this is when the child thinks in symbols (use of toys to represent things) or represential thought, it makes error in judgements and rational animism, egocentric
Concrete operations ages 7-11 – can think rationally like an adult minus hypothetical and abstract thinking, conversation and reversibility develops,
Formal operations (beginning at age 11-15) – by this point the child’s cognitive structures are like those of an adult and include hypothetical and abstract reasoning
what are the relevant neurological processes that have to happen
- myelination
- increase in neuronal numbers
- increase in neural connections
what do the relevant neurological processes lead to
Increase in visual acuity
Development of cerebellar programmed actions (coordination)
Acquisition of memories (knowledge)
Increase in cognitive abilities (thinking)
what is the cause of a squint
Cells responsible for binocular vision do not receive same input from both eyes
what happens if you don’t fi a squint
Correction of squint after 2 years gives less chance of binocular vision
In chronic squint, the brain suppresses input from the squinting eye – even after correction there is reduced acuity
when do primitive reflexes develop and when do they disappear by
- they develop during gestation
- disappear by 3-6 month
what are primitive reflexes an important sign of
they are an important sign of nervous system development and function
what happens if primitive reflexes end by
persist of a primitive reflex is a neurological sign
name some examples of primitive reflexes
- rooting
- steeping
- moro
- palmar grasp reflex
- asymmetric tonic neck reflex
describe when the primitive reflexs disappear
- rooting - 6 months
- steeping - 6 weeks
- moro - when they spread there arms out - 4 months
- palmar grasp reflex - 3 months
- asymmetric tonic neck reflex - 3 months
what are the factors that are to do with child development
- child factors
- family factors
- environmental factors
- societal factors
describe the factors that are to do with child development
- Child development – factors to do with the child itself, genetic prenatal temperatnat
- family factors – nutrition, knowledge, stimulation and play
- Environmental factors – smoking, pollution, housing
- Societal factors – healthcare, education and housing
how do we assess developmental domains
- growth parameters
- developmental domains Gross motor Fine motor & vision Speech & language Social/interaction
what are the formal tests that can be used to test development
Griffiths – used by people who assess day in day out like community paediatrician
Schedule of Growing Skills (SOGS)
Bayley’s – research point of view
Test of Motor Impairment
Language scales
do milestones correlate with later IQ
There isn’t much of a correlation between early milestones and later IQ
when should you be worried about development and delay
Global developmental delay (GDD):
- delay in two or more
- developmental domains
describe the breakdown of global developmental delay
Mild : functional age <33% below chronological age
Moderate: functional age 34%–66% chronological age
Severe: functional age <66% chronological age, or > 2 SDs below mean
Prevalence of GDD = 1-3%
what are the red flags
- no responsive smile - vision worry - by 8 weeks
- No eye contact – vision worried - 3 months
- Not reaching for objects- motor skills - 5 months
- Not sitting –motor skills - 9 months
- Not walking – lack of coordination- 18 months
- Not saying single words – speech and language - 18 months
- No 2/3 word sentences – speech and language - 30 months
what is development related to
- it is a continuous process
- it is related to maturation of the nervous system
