Development indicators and terms pt2 Flashcards
Define globalisation
This is the process by which cities become part of a world market
Define de-centralisation
The movement of shops, offices and industry away from urban areas into suburban areas
What does HIC stand for
High income country or high industrialised country
What does NIC stand for?
Newly industrialised country
What does LIC stand for?
Low income country
Low industrialised country
What is GDP and GDP per capita?
This is a measure of wealth and mean wealth through income. A high GDP per capita could represent a high income country however this value could be skewed by the minority of richer people.
What is a poverty line
The number of people earning less than $1.90 per day. In the UK, 0.2% of the population are on the poverty line. In countries like South Sudan, Zimbabwe and Madagascar the rates are around 70%.
What is economic inequality?
This is the difference in wealth between the poorest 10% and richest 10% of society. The larger the inequality the less the wealth is spread across the population.
Define life expectancy
Measuring lifestyles and health. Life expectancy predicts how long a person will live, made when they’re born, based on estimated advances, risks of diseases and current services
Define literacy rate
Quality of education which correlates to economic output. À well educated workforce tends to earn higher wages.
Define infant mortality rate
Quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children. It is important since infants are some of most vulnerability in society, to diseases, infection or suffer from malnutrition.
Define a bottom up project
A small scheme that is planned and controlled by NGO’s or charities with local communities themselves in order to help the local area and people in need.
What is corruption within a government?
Corruption in governments means that they are dishonest or steal money (usually from aid or originally for the people) to maintain power and increase financial gain.
Define foreign policy
A country’s policies and government agreements regarding other countries. This may control tourism, business investment and aid.
Define Frank’s Dependency Model
Describes neo-colonialism and how a country can gain control over a neo-colonial through exploitation and economic dependency
Define GDP (gross domestic product)
The value of all produce and spending within a country.
Define governance
The management of a place or group of people
Define human development index (HDI)
A measure of several indicators including life expectancy, inequality and education
Define ‘indicator’
A way of measuring development, which focuses on social, economic or environmental aspects.
Define infant mortality rate
The fraction of children under 5 years old that die compared to the total number of births
Define informal work
Self employed or temporary work, which provides a small wage and limited benefits / insurance.
Define literacy rate
The percentage of the population that can read and write
Define a LIC (low income country)
A country of low wealth and a limited level of development
Define a MIC (middle income country)
A country of sufficient wealth and a good level of development
Define military pacts
An agreement between countries to help defend their countries and provide military assistance when needed
Define NGO (Non-government organisations)
A company or organisation that operates separate from the government and does not aim to make a profit - e.g charities or universities.
Define respiratory conditions
Illnesses that affect your breathing, for example asthma or lung disease
Define Rostow’s modernisation theory
The development of a country takes five stages of growth
Traditional society
Pre conditions for take off
Take off
Drive to maturity
Mass consumption
Define squatter settlements
Clusters of temporary housing which migrants or low income families live in, often built in unfavourable land
What is a territorial dispute?
Disagreements between countries over who owns and governs areas of land
Define a transnational company (TNC)
A business operating in multiple countries
Define a top-down project
A large scale scheme to improve development often made by a governments or a large TNC. The benefits should primarily affect the lower, impoverished people.
Define topography
The shape and relief of the land e.g mountainous or flat.
Define deindustrialisation
The reduction of manufacturing within an economy
What causes deindustrialisation
There is a faster growth in manufacturing than there is in services
Define gentrification
a process of urban development in which a city neighborhood develops rapidly over a short time, changing from low to high value
Define ‘ zone of assimilation’
This is when urban development begins to develop over areas of housing surrounding the CBD, for example the houses could be transformed into offices or industries.
What is the Gini efficient?
a statistical technique used to show the extent of income inequality in a country. With values between 0 and 1, a low value indicates a more equal income distribution while a high value means more unequal income distribution.
