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OB Exam one > Development and psychology > Flashcards

Development and psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what happens in week one of fetal development

A

fertilization occurs, zygote goes heads to uterus 3 days after it becomes the morula that enters the uterus the morula creates a cavity with 2 layers - blastocyst and trophoblast which implants into the uterus

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2
Q

what is simple diffusion transporting across the placenta

A

water oxygen electrolytes vitamins

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3
Q

what is facilitated diffusion transporting across the placenta

A

glucose, oxygen

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4
Q

what is active transport transporting across the placenta

A

amino acids, calcium, iron, water soluble vitamins,

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5
Q

what is pinocytosis/endocytosis transporting across the placenta

A

globulins, antibodies, virus,

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6
Q

what is bulk flow & solvent drag transporting across the placenta

A

water and electrolytes

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7
Q

what is accidental capillary breaks transporting across the placenta

A

intact blood cells

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8
Q

what is independence movement transporting across the placenta

A

maternal leukocytes and microorganisms

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9
Q

what is a diagnostic test

A

confirms the presence of disease or disorder

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10
Q

what is striae gravidarum

A

stretch marks

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11
Q

what is the fetal period

A

9 week- 38 week where additional growth and development of organs and body systems

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12
Q

what happens in week three of fetal development

A

primitive streak, development of notochord (helps vertebrae development), differation of three germ layers

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13
Q

what happens in the vagina/vulva when pregnant

A

vaginal mucous thickens, rugae (ridges/wrinkles in vagina) become more prominent, increase leukorrhea (discharge), pH becomes more acidic

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14
Q

what is the Alpha-fetoprotein test - what do low/high levels mean

A

maternal blood sample, low levels may indicate trisomy 18 high levels may indicate neural tube defects

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15
Q

what is amnion fluid made by, how much is there

A

made by chorion and amnion it increases from 30 ml at 10 weeks to 350ml at 20 weeks to 800-1000ml at 37 weeks it is filtered and replaced every 4 hours by fetal breathing and kidney

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16
Q

what is the color. odor of amnion fluid

A

none

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17
Q

what is the function of amnion fluid

A

cushions, temp regulations, free movement, stops umbilical suppression

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18
Q

what is the pre-embryonic period

A

first 2 weeks after conception

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19
Q

what are the 1st prenatal labs

A

blood group, Rh factor, antibody screen, RpR/VDRL, HbSAG/HbSAB, CDC with differential, HIV, Sickle cell anemia, tb

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20
Q

what is Naegeles rule

A

can estimate DOB or EDB based on the last mensural cycle (if they have a 28 day cycle) add 7 days and 9 months to last mensural cycle

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21
Q

what happens in week 2 of fetal development

A

yolk sac develops, amniotic cavity appears, implantation of blastocyst complete

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22
Q

what are the presumptive ss of pregnancy

A

subjective- n/v, breast tenderness, missed period

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23
Q

what are the probable ss of pregnancy

A

objective- abd enlargement, hegars sign, goodell sign, chadwicks sign, positive pregnancy test

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24
Q

what are the positive ss of pregnancy

A

only 3 and only detected by examiner- ultrasound of fetus, fetal heart tone, fetal moments felt by qualified examiner

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25
Q

what is the amnion

A

thick membrane forms embryonic sac surrounding the fetus

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26
Q

what is the chronic villus sampling (cvs)

A

ultrasound guided needle aspiration of fetal tissue from placenta done at 8-13 weeks gestation

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27
Q

what are the risks of chronic villus sampling (cvs)

A

SAB, fetal limb reduction

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28
Q

what happens in week 4-7 of fetal development

A

embryonic disc forms into c shape, 4 limbs bud, eyes and ears begin to form, nervous system starts to develope

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29
Q

what is the embryonic period

A

3-8 week after conception greatest teratogen (any substance that can cause harm to fetus) differation of 3 germ layers

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30
Q

what are the 3 germ layers

A

Ectoderm - outer layer - skin, teeth, glands of mouth, nervous system
Endoderm - inner layer - epithelium of respiratory, digestive
Mesoderm- middle layer - connective tissue

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31
Q

what is included in the umbilical cord

A

2 arteries ( takes waste and co2), 1 vein (brings oxygen and nutrients

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32
Q

what is whartans jelly

A

connective tissue around arteries and vein in umbilical cord

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33
Q

what is an angioma

A

vascular spiders- tiny bluish arterioles in neck face arms and thorax

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34
Q

what happens in week 9-12 in fetal development

A

face recognizable at 10 weeks, external genitalia identifiable by 12 weeks, at 9 weeks liver serves as major site for RBC by 12 weeks spleen takes over urine production begins

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35
Q

what is deoxyribonucleic acid testing

A

prenatal testing for parents or postnatal testing for infant

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36
Q

what changes happen in the heart during pregnancy

A

heart shifts upwards and left
HR increases 10-15bpm, cardiac hypertrophy, systolic murmur

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37
Q

what do you do if you hear a systolic murmur on a pregnant patient

A

its normal, not a problem but should still be documented

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38
Q

what is the carrier screening

A

genetic testing to see if patients carry a specific trait to pass along to their children

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39
Q

what is the yolk sac

A

transfers nutrients to embryo during 2nd/3rd week , hematopoiesis occurs yolk sac incorporates into the umbilical cord

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40
Q

when does hematopoiesis occur

A

2nd/3rd week then gradually decreases at 8 weeks when fetal liver takes over and forms RBC

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41
Q

what is palmar erythema

A

red palms

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42
Q

what is preimplantation genetic diagnosis

A

genetic testing of IVF embryos, enabling identification of specific inheritable traits that can cause disease

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43
Q

what happens in week 8 of fetal development

A

clear distinction in upper and lower limbs, external genitalia established, main organ system developing, heart chamber functioning

44
Q

what is cell free DNA testing

A

maternal blood sample to screen for certain genetic conditions like trisomy 13,18, 21

45
Q

what happens to breasts during pregnancy

A

enlargement, fullness, tender, dark areolas

46
Q

what are monozygotic babies

A

identical twins

47
Q

how are monozygotic babies developed

A

Develope from 1 zygote genetically identical, look similar, same gender # of amnions and chorions depends on when the zygote seperates

48
Q

if the zygote separates in the first 72 hours how are things divided

A

2 of everything

49
Q

if the zygote separates 4-7th day

A

2 embryos 1 amnion 1 chorion

50
Q

if the zygote separates 8 days how are things divided

A

2 embryos 1 amnion

51
Q

if the zygote separates 9+ days how are things divided

A

the embryonic disc is incomplete which means conjoined twins

52
Q

what happens in week 13-16 of fetal development

A

rapid growth, fetal movement occurs but not felt by mom, skeletal ossification occurs

53
Q

is sex determined by mom or dad

A

dad

54
Q

how long is pregnancy

A

38-42 weeks

55
Q

what are the 4 main hormones produced by placenta

A

human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, pro-estrogen, estrogen

56
Q

what does the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone do

A

produces proestrogen

57
Q

what does the human placental lactogen hormone do

A

regulates glucose availability

58
Q

what does proestrogen hormone do

A

thickens lining to accept egg, prevents muscle contractions from expelling egg

59
Q

what does estrogen hormone do

A

helps regulate growth/ development and physiology of reproductive system

60
Q

what does the placenta do

A

provides oxygen and nutrients to fetus waste elimination and provides hormones to maintain pregnancy

61
Q

is transportation to fetus one directional or bidirectional

A

bidirectional

62
Q

when does the placenta become fully established

A

8-10 weeks after conception

63
Q

what is the human genome

A

complete copy of the genetic material in an organism

64
Q

how to fetal lungs work in the womb

A

they are fluid filled 1st breath forces fluid out the pulmonary circulation and changes in thoracic pressure close the temporary structures - ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriolies

65
Q

what is couvade syndrome

A

1st trimester father can experience maternal ss

66
Q

how many sperms are released at ejaculation

A

200-600 million

67
Q

how many sperms reach site

A

200

68
Q

when is the window for opportunity to get pregnant

A

3 days before ovulation and 2 days after bc sperm can live up to 3-5 days, the ovum (egg) are vulnerable for fertilization up to 18-24 hours after ovulation

69
Q

what does the placenta develop from

A

chorionic

70
Q

what is the process for implantation

A

after conception it stays in apulla for 24 hours, day 3-4 zygote divides and called morulla and goes to uterus once there its called blastosyst which contins inner mass of cells called embryoblasts and the embryo developes from that

71
Q

what is a genotype

A

genetic makeup

72
Q

what is a phenotype

A

observable expression of genetic makeup

73
Q

what is a screening test

A

identifies patients who have a high risk of passing a disorder/ disease

74
Q

what are the cervical changes that occur with pregnancy

A

chad wicks sign, hegars sign, and goodells sign

75
Q

what is chadwicks sign

A

bluish discoloration of cervix

76
Q

what is the antenatal period

A

starts with first day of the last menstral cycle and ends when labor begins

77
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

outer 1/3 of fallopian tube 12-48 hours after conception

78
Q

how many chromosomes are there in a human

A

46

79
Q

how many chromosomes come from mom/dad

A

22 from mom and 23 from dad

80
Q

a male has __ chromosomes and a female has __ chromosomes

A

male XY
female XX

81
Q

what occurs in week 17-20 fetal development

A

growth slows, mom notices fetal movement, skin covered with vernix by 20 weeks, eyebrow and head hair begin, languo covers all parts of the body

82
Q

what changes occur in the respiratory system during pregnancy

A

in response to increase estrogen levels congestion may occur, RR increases 1-2/min increase in O2 consumption 15-20%

83
Q

what is fetal fibronectin test

A

helps determine potential risk for preterm labor, shouldnt be detectable in vaginal fluid between 22-35 weeks if its a + preterm delivery risk increased over 7-14 days

84
Q

what is dizygotic babies mean

A

faternal babies

85
Q

how are things divided for dizygotic babies

A

2 zygote the amnions and chorions are seperate the placentas could be fused

86
Q

what happens in week 26-29 fetal development

A

when a fetus could survive if born, eyelids open, at 28 weeks bone marrow takes over RBC production

87
Q

what changes happen in the muscoskeletal during pregnancy

A

calcium and phosphorus needs increase

88
Q

what is the contraction stress test

A

helps predict how fetus will tolerate labor

89
Q

what changes occur in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy

A

cardiac output increases, vasodilation decreases BP

90
Q

what is the amniocentesis test

A

ultrasound guided needle aspiration of amniotic fluid to determine chromosome analysis done at 15-20 weeks

91
Q

what is the risk for amniocentesis test

A

SAB, leaking amniotic fluid

92
Q

why would you do a amniocentesis during 3rd trimester

A

to determine lung maturity

93
Q

what is supine hypotension syndrome

A

supine weight of uterus against vena cava obstructing blood flow = decreased blood flow = decreased BP

94
Q

what occurs in week 21-25 of fetal development

A

significant fetal weight gain, skin appears pink/red r/t blood flow, rapid eye movement begins at 21 weeks, at 24 weeks lungs secrete surfactant

95
Q

what changes occur in the renal system during pregnancy

A

increases proestrogen relaxes urethra sphincter, musculature and bladder reduced so you need to pee every 2-3 hours

96
Q

what is percutaneous umbilical blood sampling

A

ultrasound guided needle aspiration of fetal blood from umbilical cord

97
Q

what occurs in week 30-34

A

pupillary light reflex

98
Q

what changes occur in the GI system during pregnancy

A

increase uterine size pushes stomach and intestines to back and side resulting in decrease gastric motility, constipation, heart burn, faltulence

99
Q

what is a level 2 ultrasound test

A

evaulates structural changes associated with genetic conditions

100
Q

what is linea nigra

A

dark line extending from mons pubis towards umbilicus

101
Q

what is fetal nuchal translucency test

A

intravaginal ultrasound measuring/identifying excess fluid on back of neck identifying trisomy 13, 18, 21 and turner syndrome

102
Q

what is chloasma-melasma gradidarium

A

mask of pregnancy - dark brownish pigmentation around the hiarline brow, nose and cheeks

103
Q

what is alpha fetal protein test

A

maternal blood test to check AFP (made by fetal liver) found in amniotic fluid passes through placenta- done around 15-20 weeks

104
Q

why do we care about oral health during pregnancy

A

hypertrophy of gums causing decreased birth weight and preeclampsia

105
Q

what changes occur in the mouth during pregnanacy

A

ptyalism gravidarium - excess salavation
hyperemesis - excess vomiting
pyrosis - heart burn

106
Q

what occurs in week 35-40 in fetal development

A

35 week - strong grasp and orientation to light, 38-40 langou and vernix start to disappear

107
Q

what is a fetal non stress test

A

using toco and ultrasound to look at fetal reactivity over 20-30 min

OB Exam one (8 decks)

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