Development Flashcards
7 y/o with temper tantrums, refuses to go to school. Stomachaches and headaches on school days. Nightmares about being kidnapped, fears parents will die. Dx? (4x)
SEPARATION ANXIETY D/O
An example of parallel play: (4x)
A 2 YO CHILD SITS NEAR ANOTHER TODDLER WITH A TRUCK AND PICK UP A CAR.
Children demonstrate a preference for the human voice and speech over other sounds at what age? (3x)
BIRTH
Core gender identity is typically established by what age? (3x)
3 YEARS
An infant who engages in an interactive game of peek-a-boo most closely demonstrates the concept of which cognitive ability? (3x)
OBJECT PERMANENCE
The “strange situation” in child development is used to assess the infant’s in attachment theory: (2x)
SECURITY OF ATTACHMENT
Which ages of children are interested in secrets, collecting, and participating in organized games? (2x)
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Parents report 3 y/o has not begun to talk. Since birth child has been distractible. Also report child seems to have problem empathizing with siblings. What question should the Psych MD ask first? (2x)
HAS YOUR CHILD’S HEARING BEEN TESTED?
2 y/o clings to mother when introduced to a new child, refusing to join in play during 1st visit. On 2nd visit, child plays behind mother, and on 3rd visit, she seems to continue her usual activities while warily eyeing the new child. What temperamental traits or constellations best describes this child’s behavior? (2x)
SLOW-TO-WARM-UP
A 5 year old child whose mother was in a minor car accident believes he is responsible for causing the accident because he yelled “I hate you” in protest when his mother left him with a baby sitter an hour earlier. This belief represents which of the following? (x2)
AGE APPROPRIATE EGOCENTIC THINKING
3.5 y/o girl has increasingly become interested in dressing up in her mother’s clothes and shoes, with increased remarks about being a girl. It would be most consistent with a social learning theory explanation of psychosexual development to say that her behavior is (2x):
BASED ON MATERNAL MODELING AND BEHAVIOR
Integration of clinical and experimental observations in early childhood development supports what statement about infant/parent interactions (2x)?
INFANTS ARE BORN WITH SOPHISTICATED PERCEPTUAL ABILITIES THAT FACILITATE ATTACHMENT
The father of a 3.5 year old boy who attends preschool reports that on several occasions the boy has come into the bathroom while the father is in the shower interested in observing his father’s genitals asking once “why is it so fat?” This behavior most likely is an indication of? (2x)
NORMAL PRESCHOOL AGE SEXUAL INTEREST
A 10 yo child remains sad and angry about his parent’s divorce but no longer believes that he caused the separation. This cognitive change is example of what mechanism? (2x)
DECENTRATION
The age at which children typically first use sentences of 2 or more words is: (X2)
24 MONTHS
School aged boy, plays BBall and w/ boys, not w/ girls. What Freud’s psychosexial stage?
LATENCY
2-3 y.o. Capacity to tolerate frustration influenced by
ABILITY TO INTERNALIZE SOCIAL NORMS
Difficulty with which physical task is most concerning in elementary school aged kid?
JUMPING AND HOPPING
Innate feelings
MOST STRONGLY INFLUENCE GENDER ID
Four yo meeting all milestones. What on PE will raise concern about development?
WALKING ON TOES
Developmental period with highest level of response to rewards in nucleus accumbens
ADOLESCENCE
Developmental stage w/ max. number of axons and synapses?
INFANCY
Piaget’s major contribution to development theory explain…
HOW INDIVIDUALS LEARN ABOUT AND UNDERSTAND THE WORLD
Identity diffusion describes
LACK OF CONTINUITY IN HOW THE SELF IS EXPERIENCED IN RELATIONSHIPS OVER TIME
Piaget’s model limitations include
DOES NOT INCLUDE EMOTIONAL FACTORS RELEVANT TO LEARNING
will there be clowns in the parade like the circus?, this is an example of
USE OF PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES TO THINK CATEGORICALLY
2 year old development language
TWO-WORD OR LONGER PHRASES
stage of development with peak of DA-R in striatum, increased reward response
ADOLESCENCE
stage of development of maximal pruning of cortical synapses
ADOLESCENCE
flavor preference determined by
COGNITIVE ASSOCIATION
Developmental concept of mother responding to baby seeking attention
ATTACHMENT
Child enjoys opposite gender stuff. If patient gets symptoms of gender dysphoria what’s the course
RESOLVES SPONTANEOUSLY BY ADULTHOOD
Developmental task of school-age stage
BEGIN TO ESTABLISH PEER RELATIONSHIPS AND PURSUE GROUP ACTIVITIES
Adolescent M aroused by other males, but attracted to F
THESE FEELINGS ARE COMMON AND HIS SEXUAL PREFERENCE WILL CONTINUE TO SOLIDIFY
What is the likely course for a child’s development after their parents divorce?
CHILDREN DO WELL IN ONE PARENT HOMES PROVIDED STABLE PARENTAL FUNCTIONING AND FINANCIAL SECURITY
Which is a basic emotion, learned directly or inferred by infants in 1st year of life?
FEAR
First marker of impending puberty in females?
ACCELERATION OF LINEAR GROWTH
When do cortisol level peak in healthy children?
MORNING
Two 4-yr olds playing, one makes loud noise, the other does not want to play any more. Why?
PLAY PRODUCED EXCESSIVE ANXIETY FOR CHILD
Which of the following parent behavior is most important to toddlers language development?
ENGAGING IN FREQUENT CONVERSATION AND THINKING ALOUD
Pretend play, based on ability to symbolize, typically appears at which of the following stages of development?
TODDLERHOOD
Cognitive strategy of typically developing school-age children in response to their environment?
GRADUALLY INTEGRATING THESE NEW EXPERIENCES INTO PRE-EXISTING MENTAL CONSTRUCTS
Which of the following is characteristic of preadolescent children’s physical growth?
THE GROWTH RATE FOR BOYS LAGS BEHIND THE GROWTH RATE FOR GIRLS
Stage of development associated w/ setting up clubs, making rules
LATENCY
Ability of preschool children to regulate emotions is most strongly enhanced by the development of:
LANGUAGE
At what developmental stage due kids first exhibit ability to recognize their thoughts and feelings are their own, and that others may think and feel differently?
PRE-SCHOOL AGE
Starting around age 3 years, children spontaneously use language in which of the following ways?
DESCRIBE PAST EVENTS
Compared to preschool-age children, a school-age child with normal language development will demonstrate what ability?
CONSTRUCTING SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES
Preschool children with imaginary friends are:
FAIRLY NORMAL
The parents of a 3 y/o child are concerned because she has not begun speak intelligently. The child’s hearing is normal. Doctor’s response:
EXPRESS SOME CONCERNS BC MOST CHILDREN THIS AGE CAN EFFECTIVELY MAKE THEMSELVES UNDERSTOOD.
Ability of an infant to utilize symbolic representation at age 18 months allows for:
USING LANGUAGE PROFICIENTLY
Child holds toy telephone to face and speaks to Daddy. This behavior is called?
SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION
Which of following parental tasks becomes important during toddlerhood?
LIMIT SETTING
2.5 y/o observes mother take an apple from the refrigerator, mother briefly turns back to the child and beings eating, when mother turns toward child he animatedly grabs for the apple and say, “my apple, not Mommy’s.” This behavior is best described as which developmental achievements?
AWARENESS OF BEING A SEPARATE SELF
Adolescent who was previously getting along with parents is now becoming more resistant to parental control and insistent about making his own decisions about daily life. Feeling irritated with parents and guilty after minor arguments. Feelings of guilt are likely explained by?
A WISH TO SEVER THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP
A child with temper tantrums at home begins to have better control over her outbursts following which intervention by parents?
HAD NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT OF THE TANTRUMS REMOVED
The parents of a toddler are concerned about a rent increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of the child’s temper tantrums. The parents report that the toddler gets on the floor, kicks and screams when they set limits. The child’s health and developmental history is unremarkable. FMHx significant for mood disorders and ADHD and ODD. Which of the following would be most appropriate as next step?
EXPLORE THE PARENTS’ CONCERNS ABOUT SEEMINGLY NORMAL BEHAVIOR
In 8-11 y/o kids, which moral skill is the 1st one to fully develop?
INTERNALIZATION OF PARENTAL VALUES
17.5 y/o pt mentions drinking “a few beers” at parties and smoking THC “sometimes with friends.” The adol is doing well in school. Has close friends and has no significant conflicts at home. Adol’s use of substance is best characterized as:
TYPICAL ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR
When asked to describe why a same-age, same-sex peer is a “best friend,” an 11-year-old child is most likely to cite which of the following as most important?
FEELING CARED ABOUT BY THE OTHER CHILD
Ask a child, “What makes a train go?” He replies, “The smoke makes it go.” This is:
PRE-OPERATIONAL THINKING
Learning triangular relationships
OEDIPAL STAGE
Following divorce, which behaviors in non-residential father contributes most positively to child’s future mental health?
TRADITIONAL PARENTING SUCH AS HELPING WITH HOMEWORK OR CELEBRATING HOLIDAYS TOGETHER
4.5 y/o child insists there is a small monkey who shares the child’s room. He talks to monkey, asks others to converse with monkey and insists that monkey have a seat at dinner table. Parents ask if they should be concerned, best response:
BEHAVIOR TYPICAL FOR PRESCHOOLERS
A difficult child, according to Thomas and chess’s categories of temperament, expect what characteristics?
INTENSE EXPRESSION OF MOOD
According to neuroimaging studies of adol, the prefrontal cortex at this age:
PREFRONTAL CORTEX DEVELOPS LATER THAN OTHER AREAS OF BRAIN
Capacity to inhibit behavioral responses improves over course of adolescence most likely because of
MATURATION OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Pretend play in preschool-age depends upon children’s increasing ability in which skills
USE OF ONE OBJECT TO REPRESENT ANOTHER
When toddler attributes a symbolic meaning to stuffed animal (e.g. teddy bear), imbuing it with the quality of being alive, this is referred to as:
ANIMISM
At what age do children begin to guide their actions in ambiguous situations using cues from the mother’s facial expression or in her tone of voice?
12 MONTHS
Aggressive behavior in preschoolers w otherwise NML development usually due to:
LIMITED VERBAL ABILITIES
Vocabulary growth and pre-literacy language skills in preschoolers appear to be most associated with:
AMOUNT OF TALK DIRECTED TO THE CHILD
A child recently becomes adept at running and jumping, in using a pincer grasp, and knowing the day and year is most likely to be at what age?
6 YEARS OLD
Infant who engages in an interactive game of peek-a-boo most closely demonstrates the concept of which of the following cognitive abilities?
OBJECT PERMANENCE
Parents of a 16 y/o boy discover he’s been visiting adult sex sites, spending up to 1hr every few wks looking at naked women and heterosexual sexual activities. Boy likes several female classmates but is shy and spends most of his time with a mixed gender group of friends. What is the explanation of his interest in these sites?
DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE CURIOSITY
Long term emotional well being of a child following divorce depends most upon which post-divorce factor?
CESSATION OF CONFLICT BETWEEN PARENTS
Phase of child development (Melanie Klein) where they are able to integrate good & bad elements of caregiver into one unified ‘object’
DEPRESSIVE POSITION
Child engaged with imaginative play with therapist, states dollhouse on fire, therapist pretends to call 911, child says it’s not actually a fire it’s just pretend, what transition in Piaget’s model of cognitive development is this child demonstrating?
PRE-OPERATIONAL TO CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
According to Vygotsky , objects and interactional experiences should be within the infant’s
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
A young girl says “I am going to stay a girl no matter what, even if I wear blue or have short hair”. What capacity does this demonstrate?
GENDER CONSTANCY
Process by which children modify existing schemas to adapt to new experiences is:
ACCOMMODATION
Cognitive developmental tasks of adolescence include acquiring the capacity for:
MORE COMPLEX UNDERSTANDING OF CAUSALITY & MULTILEVEL REALITIES
Earliest age infant likes to look more at strongly patterned shapes like faces?
1 WK
What age can infant recognize mothers face as distinct from other faces?
1 MONTH
The primary psychological task of school-age children is achieving:
COMPETENCE
13 y/o male tells psych MD “I’m tired of being the shortest boy in my class.” Pt reports many of the girls are taller than he is. Both of the parents are tall. What is the most appropriate initial approach for the psychiatrist to take?
REVIEW WITH THE PT THE TYPICAL COURSE OF PUBERTY IN MALES
5 y/o child experiences death of grandmother. Child asks, “When can I talk to Grandma again?” This reflects an incomplete understanding of what concept of death?
IRREVERSIBILITY
What characteristic present in a 2 y/o is most likely to persist into adult life?
INHIBITION
3 y/o boy wants to play with his mom, but she is tired and it is naptime. What explanation would he best understand?
IT’S NAPTIME NOW.
In combo w growth hormone (GH), what is required to initiate adolescent growth spurt?
GONADAL HORMONES
Maturation of basal ganglia/cortical motor circuits is most closely assoc w development of:
SOCIAL SMILE
Father is concerned about 6 y/o son because child is rubbing genitals while in bathtub. This has not occurred at school or in public. Explanation of behavior?
NORMAL BEHAVIOR.
As children progress through school age development, they begin to
RECOGNIZE ETHNIC AND RACIAL STEREOTYPES
In 8-11 y/o kids, which moral skill is the 1st one to fully develop?
INTERNALIZATION OF PARENTAL VALUES
After a stranger says “hello,” a 12-month-old child turns and looks at his mother before responding. When the mother smiles and nods her head, the infant laughs and smiles in response to the stranger:
SOCIAL REFERENCING
The formation of small peer groups who share values, speech patterns, and manners is first seen around what age?
8 YEARS
Which event precipitates midlife crisis?
RECOGNITION OF UNATTAINABLE GOALS
What Freudian stage of development is characterized by an intensification of libidinal drive, separation from one’s parents, and achievement of mature sense of self?
GENITAL
Fine motor task mastered last?
TYING SHOELACES
According to Erikson, the predominant emotional issue in school-age children is?
PERSONAL WORTH AND COMPETENCE
10yo son is “girly boy,” has female friends, prefers playing house and w/ dolls, no distress or impairment, what is dx?
NONCONFORMITY TO GENDER ROLE
The peak age of exhibiting typical sexual behaviors: 3,5,7,9,11?
FIVE YEARS
22-month old shows which type of play when moving a block back and forth on train tracks?
SYMBOLIC
Decreased late-life prevalence of is due to typical psychosocial maturation
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
What is the best example of a second stage or “self conscious” emotion believed to develop towards the end of 2 years old?
ENVY
In a normal full-term baby, by what age are adult-like circadian sleep rhythms generally established?
6 MONTHS
Parents of a two year old girl are concerned because she’s playing with trucks, likes to wear boys clothes, and likes to play w/ boys. They’ve tried to change her but she has been resistant. When asked by a physician, the child insists she’s a girl. What is the most likely diagnosis?
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT
Children understand the difference between inner life and outer reality (theory of mind) by what age?
FOUR YEARS
Freudian stage of latency is correlated with Erikson’s stage of:
INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY
Children older than six have more difficulty than younger children with what, due to slowed growth of neural language synapses?
LEARNING A NEW LANGUAGE
Most common fear amongst preschool children faced with terminal illness
SEPARATION FROM CAREGIVER
Earliest age by which 90% of girls reach menarche
14 YO
Parental loss due to external cause during childhood most increases risk for depression as a young adult when the loss occurs at what age?
EARLY CHILDHOOD
