Development

Question 1

Erik Erikson

Answer 1

Psychosocial Development

Question 2

Freud

Answer 2

Iceberg Theory

Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious

Question 3

Jean Piaget

Answer 3

Cognitive Development

Question 4

Sensorimotor (Piaget)

Answer 4

Birth-2

Know the world in terms of sensory input and motor actions

Can’t think

Lack of object permanence

Question 5

Preoperational (Piaget)

Answer 5

2-7

Intuitive thought

Egocentrism

Lack of conversation

Symbolic play

Animism: Inanimate objects have feelings

Question 6

What is egocentricsm? (Piaget)

Answer 6

Child’s ability to take in others perspective

Cup test

Question 7

Concrete Operational (Piaget)

Answer 7

7-12

Logic abilities

Reversibility: understand the cups contain the same amount of water

Question 8

Formal Operational (Piaget)

Answer 8

12 and up

5 higher-level cognitive abilities

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
-science

Abstract thought

• thoughts about intangible things
• Ex. what is it?

Separating Reality from possibility

• how could things be?
• reality is one of many possibilities

Combinational Logic
-thinking of multiple aspects and combining them logically to solve problems

Reflective thinking
-thinking about your own thinking

Question 9

Kohlberg

Answer 9

6 stages of moral development

Studies 72 boys (10-16)
Found 3 distinct levels each with 2 sub stages

Question 10

Pre-Conventional (Kohlberg)

Answer 10

A) obedience and punishment orientation

Infancy

Good to avoid punishment

B) individualism and exchange

Preschool

Not one right view. Different viewpoints

Question 11

Conventional (Kohlberg)

Answer 11

C) Good interpersonal relationship

School age

Good to be seen good. Answers relate to approval

D) Maintaining the Social order

School age

Is aware of wider rules of society. Judgements concern obeying the rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt.

Question 12

Post-Conventional (Kohlberg)

Answer 12

10-15% don’t reach these stages

E) social contract and individual rights

Teen

Become aware that law exist for the greater good. Issues aren’t always clear cut.

F) Universal Principles

Adulthood

Developed their own moral guidelines. Principles apply to everyone (Human rights, Justice, equality)

Question 13

Vygotsky

Answer 13

Sociocultural Theory:

Interaction with adults

Social world improves children’s cognitive development.

Cultures stress different things, influencing the people in them

Language plays a major role

ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development):
Difference between what a child can do and what they need help with

Question 14

Vygotsky’s Cognitive Development Theory

Answer 14

Big Ideas:

Complex learning through guided participation

Social Learning:

Better working with others and more motivated when in a group where learning is valued

Question 15

Carol Dweck

Answer 15

Growth Mindset