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ENT Advanced > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

In which week does the neural tube form?

A

3

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2
Q

Where are the oropharyngeal, nasal and the laryngeal parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasal - superior to soft palate Oropharynx - soft palate to larynx Laryngeal pharynx - posterior to larynx

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3
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

A

System of mesenchymal proliferations in the neck region of the embryo

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4
Q

How many arches are there in total and how are they numbered?

A

5 1, 2, 3, 4, 6

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5
Q

What is each arch associated with?

A

A nerve, artery and cartilage bar

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6
Q

What does the mesoderm of the pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

Muscle, cartilaginous structures, CVS components

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7
Q

What does the ectoderm of the pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

Epidermis of skin

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8
Q

How does the neural tube form?

A

Notochord signals overlying ectoderm to thicken to give a slipper shaped neural plate Edges elevate out of the plane of the disk and curl towards each other creating the neural tube

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9
Q

Which part of the neural tube forms the brain and what three sections can it be divided into?

A

The anterior part

Prosencephalon - forebrain

Mesencephalon - midbrain

Rhombencephalon- hindbrain

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10
Q

Where are most of the cranial nerves derived from and which are the exceptions?

A

Mid or hind brain I and II

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11
Q

What groups can the cranial nerves be classified into?

A

Somatic efferent

Special sensory

Nerves of pharyngeal arches

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves have mixed sensory and motor functions and supply the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches?

A

V - trigeminal

VII - facial

X - vagus

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13
Q

Which cranial nerves have a relationship with the pharyngeal arch system?

A

Accessory (XI) Hypoglossal (XII)

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14
Q

What is the facial skeleton derived from?

A

The frontonasal prominence

First pharyngeal arch

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15
Q

Which pharyngeal arch are the muscles of facial expression derived from and therefore which nerve are they innervated by?

A

2

Facial nerve

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16
Q

Which pharyngeal arch are the muscles of mastication derived from and therefore which cranial nerve are they innervated by?

A

1 Trigeminal nerve (V) branch - the mandibular nerve

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17
Q

Which muscles does the third pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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18
Q

Which muscles does the 4th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

Cricothyroid Levator palatini Constrictors of the pharynx

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19
Q

Which muscles does the sixth pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

20
Q

Which is the nerve of the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal nerve (V)

21
Q

Function of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Mixed

Principal sensory nerve of the head - skin and inside of mouth and nose

Motor: muscles of mastication, muscles derived from mandibular process

22
Q

Which is the nerve of the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial (VII)

23
Q

Function of the facial nerve?

A

Mixed Motor - muscles of facial expression and muscles from second pharyngeal arch Sensory - anterior two thirds of the tongue

24
Q

Nerve of the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

25
Q

Function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle

Sensory - posterior third of the tongue

26
Q

Nerve of the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches?

A

Vagus nerve (X) -4th arch branch is the superior laryngeal nerve -6th arch branch is the recurrent laryngeal nerve

27
Q

What are the neural crest-derived cartilage bars of each of the pharyngeal arches?

A

1 = Meckel’s

2 = Reichert’s

4+6 = cartilages of the larynx

28
Q

What can the first pharyngeal arch be divided into?

A

Maxillary and mandibular prominences

29
Q

What does Meckel’s cartilage go onto form?

A

Malleus and incus of the ear

Template for mandible which forms by membranous ossification

30
Q

What does Reichert’s cartilage go onto form?

A

Stapes in middle ear

Styloid process

Hyoid bone (part of it)

31
Q

What does the cartilage of the third pharyngeal arch form?

A

Remainder of the hyoid bone

32
Q

What do the cartilages of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches go onto form?

A

Epiglottis Thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid cartilages

33
Q

Which artery is derived from each of the aortic arches?

A

1st and 2nd arch arteries disappear

3rd - internal carotid

4th - arch of aorta (L) and brachiocephalic trunk (R)

6th - pulmonary arch

34
Q

Where do the aortic arches come from?

A

The aortic sac which lies in the floor of the pharynx

35
Q

How many pharyngeal pouches are there?

A

4 pairs

36
Q

Which part of the pharyngeal pouches give rise to organs?

A

The epithelial endodermal lining

37
Q

What does pouch 1 give rise to?

A

Middle ear cavity

Eustachian tube

Lining of tympanic cavity

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

38
Q

What does pouch 2 give rise to?

A

Palatine tonsils Invaded by lymphoid tissue in third and fifth months

39
Q

What does pouch three give rise to?

A

Inferior parathyroid

Thymus

40
Q

What does pouch four give rise to?

A

Superior parathyroid

41
Q

Which pouch is the parathyroid gland derived from?

A

3rd and 4th

42
Q

How many pharyngeal clefts are there?

A

4, but only one contributes to a definitive structure

43
Q

What is formed from the pharyngeal clefts? How?

A

External auditory meatus and part of the eardrum Dorsal part of the first cleft penetrates underlying mesenchyme and becomes the above

44
Q

How are the clefts obliterated?

A

Second pharyngeal ARCH proliferates and covers third and fourth arches.

Merges with the epicardial ridge in the lower part of the neck.

Obliterates the other clefts

45
Q

What can happen if the clefts are not obliterated?

A

Can have cysts or fistulae anywhere along the anterior border of the SCM

46
Q

Where does the pharynx extend from and to?

A

Base of skull to inferior border of cricoid cartilage of the larynx

ENT Advanced (24 decks)

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