Blood Supply

Question 1

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

Answer 1

The subclavian arteries

Question 2

Where do the vertebral arteries supply?

Answer 2

The brain along with the internal carotid arteries

Question 3

Where do the branches of the internal carotid arise from and where do they go?

Answer 3

Internal carotid does not give off branches in the neck
Enters skull through carotid canal
Forms the circle of Willis

Question 4

Where does the common carotid bifurcate?

Answer 4

The level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

Question 5

What is located in the carotid sinus?

Answer 5

Baroreceptors for detecting changes in arterial BP

Question 6

What is in the carotid body?

Answer 6

Peripheral chemoreceptors for detection of arterial oxygen

Question 7

What is the carotid sinus?

Answer 7

Swelling in the region of the bifurcation

Question 8

Why is the bifurcation of the common carotid a common site for atheroma?

Answer 8

Get turbulent blood flow

Question 9

Compilation of atheroma at the bifurcation of the common carotid?

Answer 9

Stenosis - limits blood flow to the brain

Rupture of a clot can cause an embolus to travel to the brain causing a TIA or stroke

Question 10

What is the carotid sinus massage?

Answer 10

Be done to mimic an increase in blood pressure, activating baroreceptors and slowing heart rate

Question 11

Six branches of the external carotid and the terminal branches?

Answer 11

Superior thyroid 
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual  
Facial
Occipital 
Posterior auricular

Terminal branches:
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

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Question 12

Branches of the internal carotid that supply the scalp?

Answer 12

Ophthalmic branches to give:

• Supra-orbital
• Supra-trochlea

Question 13

Branches of the external carotid that supply the scalp?

Answer 13

Superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital

Question 14

Why do head wounds often result in profuse bleeding?

Answer 14

Walls of arteries in the scalp are closely attached to connective tissue, limiting constriction
Numerous anastomoses
Deep lacerations involving epicranial aponeurosis causes profuse bleeding because of opposing pull of occipitofrontalis muscle

Question 15

What is the main blood supply to the scalp?

Answer 15

Middle meningeal artery

Question 16

What are the main superficial veins which drain the face?

Answer 16

Superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital

Question 17

Which to veins join to form the angular vein and where? Where does the angular vein drain into?

Answer 17

Supraorbital and supratrochlea
Medial angle of the eye
Drains into facial vein

Question 18

Where do some deep parts in the temporal region of the scalp drain into?

Answer 18

Pterygoid plexus

Question 19

How can infection of the scalp spread to the cranial cavity and affect the meninges?

Answer 19

Veins of the scalp connect to the diploic veins of the skull via several valveless emissary veins and therefore connect to the rural venous sinuses.

Question 20

What is the blood supply to the dura and the skull?

Answer 20

External carotid -> maxillary artery -> middle meningeal artery -> anterior and posterior branches

Question 21

What type of haemorrhage do you get if the middle meningeal artery is ruptured at the pterion?

Answer 21

Extradural haemorrhage

Question 22

What is a craniotomy and how is the blood supply preserved?

Answer 22

Allows access to the cranial cavity

Bone and scalp flap are reflected inferiorly

Question 23

What are the dural venous sinuses?

Answer 23

Endothelium-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater. They form the dura septae.

Question 24

Where does the sigmoid sinus go?

Answer 24

Continues as the internal jugular vein

Exits via the jugular foramen

Question 25

Where does the dural venous sinus receive blood from?

Answer 25

The large veins that drain the brain

Question 26

Name the dural venous sinuses

Answer 26

Sigmoid sinus
Transverse sinus
Superior saggital sinus
Inferior saggital sinus
Cavernous sinus

Question 27

Name the superficial arteries of the face

Answer 27

External carotid:

• facial
• superior and inferior labial
• maxillary
• lateral nasal
• angular
• transverse facial

Internal carotid:

• supratrochlear
• supraorbital

Question 28

Where do most of the veins of the face drain into?

Answer 28

Facial vein -> internal jugular vein

Question 29

What is in the cavernous sinus?

Answer 29

Thin-walled veins 
Internal carotid artery
Cranial nerves
-occulomotor
-trochlear
-abducent
-trigeminal - ophthalmic and maxillary

Question 30

Where is the cavernous sinus?

Answer 30

On the upper surface of the sphenoid bone

Question 31

What does the facial vein communicate with at the medial angle of the eye and where does it drain to?

Answer 31

Superior ophthalmic

Cavernous sinus

Question 32

Where do the deep facial veins drain into?

Answer 32

Pterygoid venous plexus

Question 33

How can infection get to the dural venous sinuses?

Answer 33

From facial vein, to pterygoid plexus to the dural venous sinuses

Question 34

Where can thrombophlebitis of the facial vein travel to?

Answer 34

This is an infected clot.

To the intracranial venous system

Question 35

What can be found in the cavernous sinus?

Answer 35

Internal carotid artery
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear n.
Abducens n.
Trigeminal n. - V1 and V2

Question 36

Where do the vertebral arteries go?

Answer 36

Ascend though the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae 6-1