Development Flashcards
4 categories for developmental milestones?
gross motor
fine motor
social
language
What is global developmental delay?
delay in two or more of the areas
Most common isolated developmental delay?
speech
Causes of global developmental delay?
Down’s syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
Rett syndrome
metabolic disorders
neurodivergent disorders
cerebral palsy
Causes of isolated gross motor delay?
cerebral palsy
ataxia
myopathy
spina bifida
visual impairment
Causes of isolated fine motor delay?
dyspraxia
cerebral palsy
muscular dystrophy
visual impairment
Causes of isolated speech delay?
hearing impairment
exposure to multiple languages
siblings
learning disability
ASD
cerebral palsy
neglect
Causes of social delay?
ASD
neglect
parenting issues
Gross motor developmental milestones?
3-4 months -> support head
6 months -> pulls self to sitting
9 months -> sits unsupported, crawling
12 months -> cruising
13-15 months -> walks unsupported
18 months -> squats
2 years -> runs
3 years -> rides a tricycle, stand on one leg
4 years -> hops
Fine motor development milestones?
Early:
8 weeks ->fix and follow
6 months -> palmar grasp
9 months -> points, scissors grip
12 months -> pincer grip
Drawing:
12 months -> scribble
2yrs -> copies line
3yrs -> copies circle
4yrs -> copies cross
5yrs -> copies triangle
Bricks:
15 months -> 2
18 months -> 4
2 yrs -> 6
3yrs -> 9
Book:
15 months -> looks at book
18 months -> turns pages several at time
2 years -> turns one page at a time
Hand preference?
abnormal before 12 months
may indicate cerebral palsy
Language developmental milestones?
3 months -> coos, recognises familiar voices, turns towards sound
6 months -> double syllables
9 months -> ‘mama’ and ‘dada’
12 months -> responds to own name
18 months -> 5-10 words, follows simple commands
2 years -> combines 2 words, points to body parts
3 years -> short sentences
4 years -> tells stories
Social and personal developmental milestones?
6 weeks -> smiles
3 months -> communicates pleasure
6 months -> curious and engaged
9 months -> shy and cautious
12 months -> waves bye, claps hands
18 months -> imitates
2 years -> parallel play
3 years -> plays with others
4 years -> best friend, imaginative play
Red flags in developmental milestones?
lost developmental milestones
not able to hold object at 5 months
not sitting unsupported at 12 months
not standing unsupported at 18 months
not walking at 2
not running at 2.5
no words at 18 months
no interest in others at 18 months
How long to correct for prematurity for?
up to the age of 2
How to correct for prematurity?
take away the gestational age from 40 weeks
Causes of failure to thrive?
inadequate nutritional intake
difficulty feeding
malabsorption
incr. energy requirements
inability to process nutrition
Causes of inadequate nutritional intake?
maternal malabsorption (breastfeeding)
iron deficiency anaemia
family or parental issues
neglect
poverty
Causes of difficulty feeding?
poor suck (cerebral palsy)
cleft lip or palate
genetic conditions causing abnormal facial structure
pyloric stenosis
Causes of malabsorption?
cystic fibrosis
coeliac disease
cows milk intolerance
chronic diarrhoea
IBD
Causes of incr. energy requirements?
hyperthyroidism
chronic disease (congenital heart disease)
malignancy
chronic infections (HIV)
Causes of inability to process nutrition properly?
inborn errors of metabolism
T1DM
Assessment in failure to thrive?
Full Hx and Exam
observe feeding
parent-child interactions
height, weight, BMI
plot centile charts
mid-parental height centile
coeliac screen
