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Geography Changing Economic World > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes of uneven development

A
  • lack of clean water
    = more people suffer from disease
    = can’t work so no money to economy
  • education
    = educated people earn more money
    = pay higher taxes to government
  • corruption
    = stability of government can affect country’s ability to trade
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2
Q

Describe economic indicators

A
  • gni per capita
    = total amount of money earned by people and businesses in a country
    = then divided by population to find average persons earnings
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3
Q

Describe social indicators

A
  • life expectancy
  • literacy rates
    = quality of education which correlates to economic output
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4
Q

Describe environmental indicators

A
  • pollution levels
    = volume of pollution in the air will show how wasteful a country is
    = shows whether country has developed it technology to be more efficient and environmentally friendly
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5
Q

What does the human development index measure

A
  • income
  • levels of education
  • life expectancy
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6
Q

Describe demographic transition model

A
  • how population changes as development changes
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7
Q

Social causes of inequality

A
  • education
    = if someone can’t read they can’t get qualifications
    = can’t get well paid job
    =cycle of poverty
  • health
    = limited number if doctors or unsubsidised doctors
    = poorer families have poorer health
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8
Q

Environmental causes of inequality

A
  • climate
    = climate of country can affect whether country has many resources to trade
    = climate can affect whether farmers can grow crops as weather and seasons are closely linked with agriculture
  • regular rain
    = population can collect fresh rainwater to drink
    = suffer less from water borne diseases
    = good for crops
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9
Q

Reasons to live away from cities

A
  • expensive houses
  • jobs in city are full
    = limited job opportunities
  • roads are congested
    = air pollution
    = impact residents health and infant mortality rate
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10
Q

Push factors

A
  • rural jobs focus in agriculture
    = intensive labour and not well paid
  • in rural towns access to services is limited
    = families may have to travel far to local hospitals etc
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11
Q

Pull factors

A
  • higher paid jobs in city
  • better education for children
  • more public transport
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12
Q

Examples of aid development projects

A
  • water aid
    = constructing water pumps to provide a small village with water
  • heifer
    = charity that gives each family a goat for milk, food and money
  • fair trade
    = charity that pays farmers a fair wage for their crops to sell to the uk
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13
Q

Adv of aid

A
  • relatively cheap so ngos can help large families in other countries as well
  • these projects tend to help the poorest families
    = reduce poverty and the inequality between poorest and wealthiest families
  • emergency aid in times of disaster can save lives
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14
Q

Disadvantages of aid

A
  • can increase dependancy of LICs on donor countries
  • can be used to put political or economic pressure on receiving country
    = country may end up owing a donor country
  • some development projects may lead to food and water costing more
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15
Q

Define industrial development

A

Where a country moves and increases manufacturing
= providing the most income and jobs

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16
Q

Development strategy

A

Intermediate technology
- using equipment and techniques that are suitable for people in LICs to use
= simple tech, cheap, easy to use and fix

17
Q

Impacts of multiplier effect

A
  • reduce development gap
    = increase investments, money and debt relief
    (all factors that effect rates of development)
18
Q

Advantages of fair trade

A
  • farmers guaranteed a fair trade minimum price
    = will make enough money to make a profit
    = can invest and grow their farm
    = more employees needed for work
    = other local people can benefit by securing a job
19
Q

Advantages of manufacturing

A
  • Producing manufactured goods reduces the need to import goods and can be cheaper
  • As industries grow, more people are employed and revenue from taxes increases
20
Q

Describe the primary sector

A

Produce raw materials
= Eg agriculture, fishing, mining

21
Q

Describe secondary sector

A

Industries that processed raw materials and manufacture goods
= eg factories

22
Q

Describe tertiary sector

A

Commercial services that support production and distribution process
= eg marketing, teaching, doctors

23
Q

Why do TNCs go to LICs

A
  • low taxes
  • raw materials
  • lacks environmental regulations
24
Q

Causes of de-industrialisation in Britain

A
  • development of machinery
    = less physical jobs
  • lack of investments
    = encourage foreign investments
  • other countries produce cheaper goods
    = cheaper labour costs in UK
25
Q

Limitations of social indicators

A

Economic measures tend to be per person
=don’t allow for extremes of wealth and poverty
= eg Saudi Arabia has vast oil wealth and high GNI which is not shared

Economic measures do not take any account of people’s quality of life
=which is important in social terms as development involves aspects other than simply economic

26
Q

Physical factors cause uneven development

A

Landlocked countries will struggle to trade goods easily without ports, many of the world’s landlocked countries are LIC/NEEs.
Natural Hazards may limit economic growth as infrastructure will be damaged
= limiting industrial output
= trade and funds will be needed for repairing damage rather than new development which would allow progress.

27
Q

Economic factors causing uneven development

A
  • LICs usually export primary products which they sell to HICs at a low price. HICs
    = This results in richer countries getting richer and limits the development of LICs
  • Most of the world’s trade is between HICs It is difficult for LICs to negotiate a good price for their raw materials, as HICs want to pay as little as possible.
28
Q

Importance of managing transport

A

Reduce carbon emissions
= reduce greenhouse effect and climate change

29
Q

Describe quaternary sector

A

Jobs in research, information technology and media

30
Q

Define deindustrialisation

A

Decline of secondary industry and growth of tertiary and quaternary employment

Geography Changing Economic World (16 decks)

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