Development Flashcards
Causes of uneven development
- lack of clean water
= more people suffer from disease
= can’t work so no money to economy - education
= educated people earn more money
= pay higher taxes to government - corruption
= stability of government can affect country’s ability to trade
Describe economic indicators
- gni per capita
= total amount of money earned by people and businesses in a country
= then divided by population to find average persons earnings
Describe social indicators
- life expectancy
- literacy rates
= quality of education which correlates to economic output
Describe environmental indicators
- pollution levels
= volume of pollution in the air will show how wasteful a country is
= shows whether country has developed it technology to be more efficient and environmentally friendly
What does the human development index measure
- income
- levels of education
- life expectancy
Describe demographic transition model
- how population changes as development changes
Social causes of inequality
- education
= if someone can’t read they can’t get qualifications
= can’t get well paid job
=cycle of poverty - health
= limited number if doctors or unsubsidised doctors
= poorer families have poorer health
Environmental causes of inequality
- climate
= climate of country can affect whether country has many resources to trade
= climate can affect whether farmers can grow crops as weather and seasons are closely linked with agriculture - regular rain
= population can collect fresh rainwater to drink
= suffer less from water borne diseases
= good for crops
Reasons to live away from cities
- expensive houses
- jobs in city are full
= limited job opportunities - roads are congested
= air pollution
= impact residents health and infant mortality rate
Push factors
- rural jobs focus in agriculture
= intensive labour and not well paid - in rural towns access to services is limited
= families may have to travel far to local hospitals etc
Pull factors
- higher paid jobs in city
- better education for children
- more public transport
Examples of aid development projects
- water aid
= constructing water pumps to provide a small village with water - heifer
= charity that gives each family a goat for milk, food and money - fair trade
= charity that pays farmers a fair wage for their crops to sell to the uk
Adv of aid
- relatively cheap so ngos can help large families in other countries as well
- these projects tend to help the poorest families
= reduce poverty and the inequality between poorest and wealthiest families - emergency aid in times of disaster can save lives
Disadvantages of aid
- can increase dependancy of LICs on donor countries
- can be used to put political or economic pressure on receiving country
= country may end up owing a donor country - some development projects may lead to food and water costing more
Define industrial development
Where a country moves and increases manufacturing
= providing the most income and jobs
Development strategy
Intermediate technology
- using equipment and techniques that are suitable for people in LICs to use
= simple tech, cheap, easy to use and fix
Impacts of multiplier effect
- reduce development gap
= increase investments, money and debt relief
(all factors that effect rates of development)
Advantages of fair trade
- farmers guaranteed a fair trade minimum price
= will make enough money to make a profit
= can invest and grow their farm
= more employees needed for work
= other local people can benefit by securing a job
Advantages of manufacturing
- Producing manufactured goods reduces the need to import goods and can be cheaper
- As industries grow, more people are employed and revenue from taxes increases
Describe the primary sector
Produce raw materials
= Eg agriculture, fishing, mining
Describe secondary sector
Industries that processed raw materials and manufacture goods
= eg factories
Describe tertiary sector
Commercial services that support production and distribution process
= eg marketing, teaching, doctors
Why do TNCs go to LICs
- low taxes
- raw materials
- lacks environmental regulations
Causes of de-industrialisation in Britain
- development of machinery
= less physical jobs - lack of investments
= encourage foreign investments - other countries produce cheaper goods
= cheaper labour costs in UK
Limitations of social indicators
Economic measures tend to be per person
=don’t allow for extremes of wealth and poverty
= eg Saudi Arabia has vast oil wealth and high GNI which is not shared
Economic measures do not take any account of people’s quality of life
=which is important in social terms as development involves aspects other than simply economic
Physical factors cause uneven development
Landlocked countries will struggle to trade goods easily without ports, many of the world’s landlocked countries are LIC/NEEs.
Natural Hazards may limit economic growth as infrastructure will be damaged
= limiting industrial output
= trade and funds will be needed for repairing damage rather than new development which would allow progress.
Economic factors causing uneven development
- LICs usually export primary products which they sell to HICs at a low price. HICs
= This results in richer countries getting richer and limits the development of LICs - Most of the world’s trade is between HICs It is difficult for LICs to negotiate a good price for their raw materials, as HICs want to pay as little as possible.
Importance of managing transport
Reduce carbon emissions
= reduce greenhouse effect and climate change
Describe quaternary sector
Jobs in research, information technology and media
Define deindustrialisation
Decline of secondary industry and growth of tertiary and quaternary employment
