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Psych 202 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of continuity and change across the life span of

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2
Q

3 prenatal stages

A 
Germinal Stage (2-week period)
Embryonic Stage (2nd - 8th week)
Fetal Stage: (9th week to birth)
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3
Q

Womb

A

Environment that affects unborn baby

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4
Q

Placenta

A

Organ that links bloodstream from mother to unborn baby - exchanges materials (food, nutrients, water, drugs, alcohol, etc.)

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

Drugs and viruses that get passed on from mother that impairs the process of development

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6
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

Developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol during pregnancy

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7
Q

Infancy

A

Stage of development between 18-24 months

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8
Q

Newborn Developments

A
  • Can only see things 8-12 inches away
  • Can see specific shapes
  • Can mimic facial expressions
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9
Q

Motor development

A

Emergence of ability to execute physical action

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10
Q

Motor reflexes

A

Specific patterns of movement that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

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11
Q

Cephalocaudal Rule

A

“Top-to-bottom” : Moves head first and then works towards feet

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12
Q

Proximodistal Rule

A

“Inside-to-outside” : Moves arms and legs first then hands/fingers and toes

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13
Q

Cognitive Development

A

The ability to think and understand

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14
Q

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

A
  • Believes there are 4 stages of cognitive development in infancy
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15
Q

1st Stage of Infancy: Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)

A

Acquiring information by sensing it and moving around

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16
Q

Schemas

A

Theories and models of how the world works

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17
Q

Assimilation

A

When infants apply schemas into real life situations

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18
Q

Accommodation

A

When infants revise their schemas when gained new information

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19
Q

Object Permanence

A

Idea that objects continue to exist even when they’re not visible

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20
Q

2nd Stage of Infancy: Preoperational Stage (2-6 years)

A

Children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world

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21
Q

3rd Stage of Infancy: Concrete Operational Stage (6-11 years)

A

Children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects

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22
Q

4th Stage of Infancy: Formal Operational Stage (11 years +)

A

Children can solve nonphysical problems: abstract thinking

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23
Q

Egocentrism

A

Failure to understand that the world appears different to different observers (happens in Preoperational stage).

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24
Q

False-belief task

A

Young children fail to realize that other people don’t see or know what they know

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25
Q

Desires and Emotions

A

Children have difficulty understanding different emotions and reactions of others, until about 6 years of age

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26
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Understanding the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behavior (playing pretend)

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27
Q

Criticisms of Piaget’s theory:

A

Children don’t go from one stage to another, there are overlaps of the stages

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28
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Believes children develop through interactions with members of their own culture

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29
Q

Joint Attention:

A

Ability to focus on what another person is focused on

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30
Q

Social Referencing:

A

Ability to use another person’s reactions as information about how to think about the world

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31
Q

Imitation:

A

Ability to do what another person does

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32
Q

Harry Harlow (1905-1981)

A

Conducted attachment experiments with baby rhesus monkeys

  • Developed behavioral abnormalities
  • Incapable of communicating/learning
  • Incapable of normal sexual behavior
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33
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Discovered the concept of imprinting

34
Q

John Bowlby

A

Argues that infants form an attachment to their primary caregivers

35
Q

Attachment:

A

The emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

36
Q

4 Attachment styles:

A

Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized

37
Q

Secure Attachment:

A

Infant not distressed when caregiver leaves; acknowledges her return (60%)

38
Q

Avoidant Attachment:

A

Infant not distressed when caregiver leaves; does not acknowledge her return (20%)

39
Q

Ambivalent Attachment:

A

Infant distressed when caregiver leaves; difficult to calm when she returns (15%)

40
Q

Disorganized Attachment:

A

No consistent response patters (5%)

41
Q

Temperament:

A

Biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity

42
Q

Mother’s sensitivity and responsiveness matter

A

Easy babies: 40%
Difficult babies: 10%
Slow-to-warm-up babies: 15%

43
Q

Internal Working Model of relationships

A

A set of beliefs about self, primary caregiver, and relationship between them

44
Q

Effects of Attachment Styles:

A
  • Infants develop beliefs about how relationships work

- Securely attached children do better than insecurely attached children

45
Q

Piaget’s Moral Reasoning Conclusions:

A

Children’s thinking shifts from:

  • Realism to relativism
  • Prescriptions to principles
  • Outcomes to intentions
46
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)

A

Developed a theory of 3 stages in moral development

47
Q

3 Stages of moral development

A
  • Preconventional Stage (childhood)
  • Conventional stage (adolescence)
  • Postconventional stage (adults)
48
Q

Adolescence:

A

Period of development that begins with sexual maturity (11-14 years old) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18-21 years old) – Puberty

49
Q

About 60% of preindustrial societies don’t have a word for adolescence

A
50
Q

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

A

Developed stages of human development that all humans go through (ex: identity vs. role)

51
Q

Adulthood:

A

Stage of development that begins around 18-21 years - ends at death

52
Q

Changes that take place in adulthood:

A
  • Physical
  • Cognitive
  • Emotional
53
Q

4 Types of Parenting Styles

A
  • Authoritarian
  • Authoritative
  • Indulgent
  • Neglectful
54
Q

Authoritarian

A

Set the rules and expect them to be followed. (Strict-Strict Parents)

55
Q

Authoritative

A

Realistic parents who explain why things are the way they are, and why they may not be able to do something

56
Q

Indulgent

A

Make few rules or demands. Allow children to make own decisions and control own behavior (passive parents that lt children do anything)

57
Q

Neglectful

A

Unconcerned and uninvolved

58
Q

High self esteem is associated with what parenting styles?

A

Authoritative

59
Q

Kow self esteem is associated with what parenting styles?

A

Indulgent and Neglectful

60
Q

Physical focus

A

Where energy is concentrated and gratification is obtained

61
Q

Psychological theme

A

Related to the physical focus and the demands from the outside world

62
Q

Freud’s definition of Adult Character Type

A

Being fixated on something and not being able to solve something psychological that becomes troublesome throughout life

63
Q

Frued’s 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development

A
  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
64
Q

Oral Stage

A

Timing: birth - 18 months
Physical Focus: Mouth, lips, and tongue
Psychological theme: Dependency and passivity
2 ways to go wrong: Needs are not fulfilled, needs are fulfilled instantly and automatically
Adult character type: super independent; not passive

65
Q

Anal Stage

A

Timing: 18 months - 3 years
Physical focus: Anus & Organs
Psychological theme: Self-control and obedience
- Development of ego
2 Ways to go wrong: Unreasonable expectations, never demanding control of urges
Adult character type: overcontrolled vs underecontrolled

66
Q

Phallic Stage

A

Timing: 3.5 - 7 years
Physical focus: Sexual organs
Basic task: coming to terms with physical sex differences and their implications
- Oedipal crisis: Falling in love with opposite-sex parent
Psychological themes: Gender/sexuality identity, love, fear, jealousy
- Development of morality, conscience, and the superego
Adult character type: rigid moral code vs. lack of moral code; asexual vs. promiscuous

67
Q

Latency

A

Timing: 7 years - Puberty

  • A break from development
  • Concentrate on learning the tasks of childhood
68
Q

Genital Stage

A

Timing: Puberty + (not passed through, but attained)
Physical focus: Genitals, sexuality in the context of a mature relationship
- Focus on creation and enhancement of life
Psychological theme: Maturity
Achievement: psychologically well adjusted and balanced
–> Mental Health: the ability to love and work

69
Q

Psychic Engergy Moving Through Stages

A

Analogy: Army conquering hostile territory

  • Battles occur when there is opposition
  • Troops are left at battle sights: there’s still conflict from a previous stage
  • Retreat to previous stronghold: Going back to a previous stage
  • Victory is reaching the genital stage with most army (energy) intact
70
Q

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

A

Many conflicts are conscious and arise at various stages of life
- Basic conflicts arise at various stages of life

71
Q

Psychosocial Development: Stage 1

A

Basic trust vs. mistrust

  • Learn whether needs will be met, ignored, or overindulged
  • Development: Hope & Confidence
72
Q

Psychosocial Development: Stage 2

A

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

- Figuring out who is in charge

73
Q

Psychosocial Development: Stage 3

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

  • Anticipating and fantasizing about life as an adult
  • Develop a sense of right and wrong
74
Q

Psychosocial Development: Stage 4

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

  • Develop skills & abilities to succeed in the world of work and contribute to society
  • Must begin to control imagination and unfocused energy
75
Q

Psychosocial Development: Stage 5

A

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

  • Figure out who i am and what’s important
  • Choose consistent, meaningful, and useful values and goals
76
Q

Psychosocial Development: Stage 6

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

- Find an intimate life partner

77
Q

Psychosocial Development: Stage 7

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

- Turn concerns to the next generation or become passive

78
Q

Psychosocial Development: Stage 8

A

Integrity vs. Despair

  • Brought on by the prospect of death
  • Based on feelings about one’s life
79
Q

Psychosocial Development Overall

A

Major contributions:

  • Psychological development is based on development at different phases of life
  • Consistent with current theories that personality development is ongoing through life
80
Q

Adulthood

A

Stage of development from 18 - 21 years, ends at death

81
Q

Changes in Adulthood

A
  • Physical
  • Cognitive
  • Emotional

Psych 202 (5 decks)

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