Development Flashcards
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Developmental Psychology
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Study of continuity and change across the life span of
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Q
3 prenatal stages
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Germinal Stage (2-week period) Embryonic Stage (2nd - 8th week) Fetal Stage: (9th week to birth)
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Womb
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Environment that affects unborn baby
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Placenta
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Organ that links bloodstream from mother to unborn baby - exchanges materials (food, nutrients, water, drugs, alcohol, etc.)
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Teratogens
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Drugs and viruses that get passed on from mother that impairs the process of development
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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Developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol during pregnancy
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Q
Infancy
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Stage of development between 18-24 months
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Newborn Developments
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- Can only see things 8-12 inches away
- Can see specific shapes
- Can mimic facial expressions
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Q
Motor development
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Emergence of ability to execute physical action
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Motor reflexes
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Specific patterns of movement that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
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Cephalocaudal Rule
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“Top-to-bottom” : Moves head first and then works towards feet
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Proximodistal Rule
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“Inside-to-outside” : Moves arms and legs first then hands/fingers and toes
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Cognitive Development
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The ability to think and understand
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Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
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- Believes there are 4 stages of cognitive development in infancy
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1st Stage of Infancy: Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
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Acquiring information by sensing it and moving around
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Schemas
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Theories and models of how the world works
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Assimilation
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When infants apply schemas into real life situations
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Accommodation
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When infants revise their schemas when gained new information
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Object Permanence
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Idea that objects continue to exist even when they’re not visible
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2nd Stage of Infancy: Preoperational Stage (2-6 years)
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Children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world
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3rd Stage of Infancy: Concrete Operational Stage (6-11 years)
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Children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects
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4th Stage of Infancy: Formal Operational Stage (11 years +)
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Children can solve nonphysical problems: abstract thinking
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Egocentrism
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Failure to understand that the world appears different to different observers (happens in Preoperational stage).
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False-belief task
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Young children fail to realize that other people don’t see or know what they know
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Desires and Emotions
Children have difficulty understanding different emotions and reactions of others, until about 6 years of age
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Theory of Mind
Understanding the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behavior (playing pretend)
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Criticisms of Piaget's theory:
Children don't go from one stage to another, there are overlaps of the stages
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Lev Vygotsky
Believes children develop through interactions with members of their own culture
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Joint Attention:
Ability to focus on what another person is focused on
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Social Referencing:
Ability to use another person's reactions as information about how to think about the world
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Imitation:
Ability to do what another person does
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Harry Harlow (1905-1981)
Conducted attachment experiments with baby rhesus monkeys
- Developed behavioral abnormalities
- Incapable of communicating/learning
- Incapable of normal sexual behavior
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Konrad Lorenz
Discovered the concept of imprinting
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John Bowlby
Argues that infants form an attachment to their primary caregivers
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Attachment:
The emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers
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4 Attachment styles:
Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized
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Secure Attachment:
Infant not distressed when caregiver leaves; acknowledges her return (60%)
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Avoidant Attachment:
Infant not distressed when caregiver leaves; does not acknowledge her return (20%)
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Ambivalent Attachment:
Infant distressed when caregiver leaves; difficult to calm when she returns (15%)
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Disorganized Attachment:
No consistent response patters (5%)
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Temperament:
Biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity
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Mother's sensitivity and responsiveness matter
Easy babies: 40%
Difficult babies: 10%
Slow-to-warm-up babies: 15%
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Internal Working Model of relationships
A set of beliefs about self, primary caregiver, and relationship between them
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Effects of Attachment Styles:
- Infants develop beliefs about how relationships work
| - Securely attached children do better than insecurely attached children
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Piaget's Moral Reasoning Conclusions:
Children's thinking shifts from:
- Realism to relativism
- Prescriptions to principles
- Outcomes to intentions
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Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)
Developed a theory of 3 stages in moral development
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3 Stages of moral development
- Preconventional Stage (childhood)
- Conventional stage (adolescence)
- Postconventional stage (adults)
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Adolescence:
Period of development that begins with sexual maturity (11-14 years old) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18-21 years old) -- Puberty
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About 60% of preindustrial societies don't have a word for adolescence
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Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
Developed stages of human development that all humans go through (ex: identity vs. role)
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Adulthood:
Stage of development that begins around 18-21 years - ends at death
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Changes that take place in adulthood:
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Emotional
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4 Types of Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
- Indulgent
- Neglectful
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Authoritarian
Set the rules and expect them to be followed. (Strict-Strict Parents)
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Authoritative
Realistic parents who explain why things are the way they are, and why they may not be able to do something
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Indulgent
Make few rules or demands. Allow children to make own decisions and control own behavior (passive parents that lt children do anything)
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Neglectful
Unconcerned and uninvolved
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High self esteem is associated with what parenting styles?
Authoritative
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Kow self esteem is associated with what parenting styles?
Indulgent and Neglectful
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Physical focus
Where energy is concentrated and gratification is obtained
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Psychological theme
Related to the physical focus and the demands from the outside world
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Freud's definition of Adult Character Type
Being fixated on something and not being able to solve something psychological that becomes troublesome throughout life
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Frued's 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
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Oral Stage
Timing: birth - 18 months
Physical Focus: Mouth, lips, and tongue
Psychological theme: Dependency and passivity
2 ways to go wrong: Needs are not fulfilled, needs are fulfilled instantly and automatically
Adult character type: super independent; not passive
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Anal Stage
Timing: 18 months - 3 years
Physical focus: Anus & Organs
Psychological theme: Self-control and obedience
- Development of ego
2 Ways to go wrong: Unreasonable expectations, never demanding control of urges
Adult character type: overcontrolled vs underecontrolled
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Phallic Stage
Timing: 3.5 - 7 years
Physical focus: Sexual organs
Basic task: coming to terms with physical sex differences and their implications
- Oedipal crisis: Falling in love with opposite-sex parent
Psychological themes: Gender/sexuality identity, love, fear, jealousy
- Development of morality, conscience, and the superego
Adult character type: rigid moral code vs. lack of moral code; asexual vs. promiscuous
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Latency
Timing: 7 years - Puberty
- A break from development
- Concentrate on learning the tasks of childhood
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Genital Stage
Timing: Puberty + (not passed through, but attained)
Physical focus: Genitals, sexuality in the context of a mature relationship
- Focus on creation and enhancement of life
Psychological theme: Maturity
Achievement: psychologically well adjusted and balanced
--> Mental Health: the ability to love and work
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Psychic Engergy Moving Through Stages
Analogy: Army conquering hostile territory
- Battles occur when there is opposition
- Troops are left at battle sights: there's still conflict from a previous stage
- Retreat to previous stronghold: Going back to a previous stage
- Victory is reaching the genital stage with most army (energy) intact
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Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
Many conflicts are conscious and arise at various stages of life
- Basic conflicts arise at various stages of life
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Psychosocial Development: Stage 1
Basic trust vs. mistrust
- Learn whether needs will be met, ignored, or overindulged
- Development: Hope & Confidence
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Psychosocial Development: Stage 2
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
| - Figuring out who is in charge
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Psychosocial Development: Stage 3
Initiative vs. Guilt
- Anticipating and fantasizing about life as an adult
- Develop a sense of right and wrong
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Psychosocial Development: Stage 4
Industry vs. Inferiority
- Develop skills & abilities to succeed in the world of work and contribute to society
- Must begin to control imagination and unfocused energy
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Psychosocial Development: Stage 5
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
- Figure out who i am and what's important
- Choose consistent, meaningful, and useful values and goals
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Psychosocial Development: Stage 6
Intimacy vs. Isolation
| - Find an intimate life partner
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Psychosocial Development: Stage 7
Generativity vs. Stagnation
| - Turn concerns to the next generation or become passive
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Psychosocial Development: Stage 8
Integrity vs. Despair
- Brought on by the prospect of death
- Based on feelings about one's life
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Psychosocial Development Overall
Major contributions:
- Psychological development is based on development at different phases of life
- Consistent with current theories that personality development is ongoing through life
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Adulthood
Stage of development from 18 - 21 years, ends at death
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Changes in Adulthood
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Emotional
