deuterostomes II: vertebrates

Question 1

chordata

Answer 1

urochordata (tunicates)
cephalochordata (amphioxus)

vertebrates

Question 2

main rule of vertebrae

Answer 2

big size

Question 3

key to growing larger of vertebrae

Answer 3

1. closed blood system (oyxgen delivry through veins/arteries)
2. vertebral column (skeletons); some are made of cartilage/dynamic bone to absorb mechanical pressures and locomotion
3. sophisticated brain and sense organs
4. protective skulls

Question 4

sense organ developmetn in vertebrae

Answer 4

visual (paired eyes)
chemical (olfatory sense organs)
mechanical (deteching pressure)

brain ands skull region

Question 5

neuralation

Answer 5

embryonic develpoment of neural crest and skulls to have protected head region

Question 6

major mutaiton in vertbrae

Answer 6

doubling of genome of chordates to vetrbrates; results in great diveristy of genes

Question 7

vetebrae backboned animal classifications (traditional)

Answer 7

fish 
ambhibians
reptiles
birds
mammals

Question 8

first vertabrae

Answer 8

fish like, without jaws

Question 9

surviving jawless fish

Answer 9

lampreys and hafgihes

Question 10

three evolutionary lineages from the jawless fish

Answer 10

1. chondrichthyans
2. actinoptergyians
3. sacropterygians

Question 11

chondrichythans

Answer 11

sharks with carligenous skeletons

Question 12

actinopterygians

Answer 12

ray finned fish; most fish

Question 13

sacropterygian

Answer 13

lobe finned fish; became tetrapods and coelacanths

strong skeletel structure in flesh fins

Question 14

tetrapod

Answer 14

animal with 4 limbs; aphibians, reptiles, birdds, mammals

Question 15

lampreys

Answer 15

• sucker lipe cup with sharp teeth to suck fish blood
• have tidal gills (water drawn in and explled)
• larvae have unidirectional flow of water through gills lits
• live in shallwo rivers and live on food in decaying matter; go through metaphorisis and migrate to sea
• lack paired fins

Question 16

hagfish

Answer 16

lack jaws; instead have sucker with tentacles and retravtable tongue

• prey on invertebrates (worms) and dead larger animals
• lack paired fins
• vetrbal column rudigemntary
• slime masters; have pores that relase slime

Question 17

feature of living jawed fish

Answer 17

pectoral and pelvic fins

jaws

Question 18

craniate

Answer 18

hagfish, lampreys and jawed verebrates

Question 19

embryonic development of jaws

Answer 19

neural crest cells move into hindbrain where gills are supported by skeletol supports; e.g. mandivular arch

therefore; jaws from gills

Question 20

sharks

Answer 20

• cartligeneous fish
• chondrichtynan
• upper jaw not fused to skull; portruding jaws
• sensitive and directional sense of smell
• vision/mechanical sensing of britations
• have temporar blindness and electroreceptors
• have a GIANT LIVER for neutral boyancy using oil

Question 21

cartilgenous fish

Answer 21

sharks, rays, dogfish, skate, ratfish

Question 22

actinoptergyian examples

Answer 22

cod, eels, tuna, goldfish, catfish, trouth (24000 species); the rayfinned

Question 23

actinoptergian features

Answer 23

• ray fins
• unpaired/paired fish (Both)
• two sets of paired fins; pectoral and pelvic
• have tiny bony rays for manouvearibiltiy
• variations of fins (lion fish have benom)
• have a SWIM BLADDER
• complex head; jaws can swing sideways
• some suction feed and pump water across gills

Question 24

swim bladder

Answer 24

gas filled cavity for bouyancy in fish

• enhances hearing
• attracts males