Detraining and Ageing Flashcards
What is detraining?
Cessation of exercise training
Planned/unplanned reduce in volume/intensity of training
What are the 4 types of detraining?
Cessation
In-season
Long-term
Other
What is cessation of detraining?
End of season - strength reduces at slower rate than it increased
Rate depends on level of training and tests used
What is in-season detraining?
Reduced performance when cutting resistance training from the programme
Strength athletes can afford some cuts with little or no decline in performances
What is long-term detraining?
Powerlifter - detraining led to turning into an aerobic profile not strength based (increased VO2)
However if do no aerobic = reduced muscle fibres and reduced thigh girth
What are some of the other effects of detraining?
Hakkinen -> 12 weeks detraining - reduction in jump height but above that of baseline
Winter -> bone mineral density decreases after 6 months - resistance training important on unloading
What does detraining have to do with health?
Chronic detraining for a bulked athlete leads to health problems (obesity, CV)
Must keep recreationally fit
What is the role of conditioners, clinicians and scientists in terms of detraining?
Conditioner - how to prevent it
Clinician - how to minimise the levels
Scientist - study the mechanisms as to why
What is immobilisation in terms of muscle activity?
Extent to which disuse halts the activation of involved muscles
What did the study of Semler (2000) find when putting an arm cast on patients?
Reduction in bicep and Brachioradialis strength by 38% and 29%
Women showed greater decreases than men
Due to reduction in protein synthesis
How are fibre types affected during detraining?
Reduction in Type I and increase in Type II
Fibres affected the most are those whose activity is reduced the most (slow-to-fast)
No alterations in recruitment order however reduced force exerted by high threshold MU’s
What are the 3 methods used to measure for limb unloading?
Hind-leg raising
Leg-unloading (sling)
Bed-rest
What were the results of the 3 different methods of limb unloading?
Hind Leg -> reduced Type I and increased Type II
Leg Sling -> reduced strength greater than atrophy, reduction of Type I fibres and force
Spaceflight -> atrophy increased for Type IIx but decreased for Type I, reduction of fatigue
How does the ageing population affect physiological function?
Increase in mobility limitations and reduction of daily activities
Ageing increases care home admission and NHS burden
How does the ageing population affect the risk of falling?
Burden on health and resources
Increase NHS cost and mortality risk
What is the difference between muscle strength and power?
Strength = critical for mobility in old age
Peaks between 20-30, reduces each decade by 12-15% after 50
Power = product of force and velocity
Decreases earlier and more rapidly, ankle flexors correlated with chair rising and stair climbing
What are the age declines in walking?
What is this due to?
Propulsive power during push off decreases due to muscle weakness and reduced flexibility
strength loss, sarcopenia and tendon adaptation
What is the relationship of strength declines and postural control?
Posture control reduces after 60+
Melzer:
Eyes open narrow stance and eyes closed narrow stance (increase CoP, velocity and mediolateral sway)
Leightley:
Healthy older adults had more sway than younger
Old had 17x greater sway with closed eyes
Could benefit from balance training
How is gait affected in the elderly?
Reduced peak GRF with lower speeds
Increases the risk of mobility limitations, disabilities and poor health
How is muscle mass affected in the elderly?
Reduced muscle mass = reduced force production
Caused by reduction in the size of fibres or loss of fibres
Lower Type II and CSA occurs with ageing
What are 3 other ageing mechanisms?
Muscle Properties:
Increase Type I fibres = slower contractile
MU properties:
Reduced motor neurons and innervation no.
Neural Pathways:
Reduced CNS function, strength and coactivation during hand tasks
What are 4 ways to prevent muscle mass loss in the elderly?
Physical Activity
Resistance Training
Nutrition
Supplements
What has research found that can limit the decreases in strength/muscle mass?
Solberg:
Landed stair climb and life satisfaction - better for those in a functional training group
Sundstrop:
Football training and strength training were both as effective as each other
What has research found that can limit the decreases in strength/muscle mass?
Byrne:
Muscle power is as important as strength
Training = moving fast as possible is better
Make-up:
Unscrewing cosmetics - 2-3x greater than eating
Women over 90 applying make up increased their grip strength by 2kg on average
