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SBL Final > Detection and Diagnosis of Malignancy (Part 2 of 3) > Flashcards

Detection and Diagnosis of Malignancy (Part 2 of 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the T stand for in the TNM staging?

A

tumor size/ invasion

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2
Q

what does the N stand for in the TNM staging?

A

lymph node metastasis

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3
Q

what does the M stand for in the TNM staging?

A

other (distant) metastasis

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4
Q

what are the 4 different types of metastatic spread?

A

lymphatic, hematogenous, transcoelomic, and canalicular

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5
Q

what is transcoelomic metastatic spread?

A

when it is invasive through serosa

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6
Q

what is canalicular metastatic spread?

A

when it travels along a pre-existing duct/lumen

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7
Q

what is the typical route of spread for carcinomas?

A

lymphatic spread

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8
Q

what is the typical route of spread for sarcomas?

A

hematogenous spread

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9
Q

sentinel node biopsies and lymph node dissections are used in what cancers?

A

breast carcinomas and melanoma

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10
Q

which cancers will need lymph node staging?

A

carcinomas

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11
Q

what are 4 symptoms of metastatic cancer?

A

fatigue/weight loss, bone pain/back pain, headaches/cognitive dysfunction/ localizing neurologic signs, obstruction/compression

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12
Q

what are 2 examples of unique findings on a physical exam with someone with metastatic cancer?

A

a sister mary joseph nodule and a virchow node

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13
Q

what is a sister mary joseph nodule?

A

umbilical metastasis typically from an ovarian carcinoma

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14
Q

what is virchow’s node?

A

supraclavicular lymphadenopathy (classically on the left side) often associated with carcinoma especially in older adults; any thoracic or abdominal carcinoma may be responsible

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15
Q

the basis for virchow node as a site for metastasis for tumors throughout the body can be explained by?

A

the site of drainage of the thoracic duct into the subclavian vein

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16
Q

what are four clues that the tumor is primary?

A

solitary, no other cancer diagnosis, location unusual for mets, and typical demographic

17
Q

what are 4 clues that the tumor is of metastatic origin?

A

multiple, history of other cancer, location more typical for mets, and unusual demographic

18
Q

recurrences of cancer are what?

A

typically metastatic in nature

19
Q

what is the serum tumor marker for ovarian cancer?

A

CA 125

20
Q

what is the serum tumor marker for myeloma?

A

beta2 microglobulin

21
Q

what is the serum tumor marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma?

A

Calcitonin

SBL Final (21 decks)

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