Destroyer Bio 401-516 Flashcards
Vertebrae’s begin with what organism?
Jawless fish
What is the order of mammal ancestors? (5)
Jawless fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Euglena motility?
Flagellum
Paramecium motility?
Cilia
Amoeba motility?
Pseudopodia
What substance reduces the surface tension of fluid in an infant’s lungs?
Surfactant
What stimulates the first breath and a newborn?
High carbon dioxide levels
What is the name for a solid ball of cells during embryo development?
Morula
What forms after the morula during embryo development?
Blastocyst
Where are the structural genes located that control lactose metabolism?
Operon
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
What holds adjacent cells together in cardiac muscle?
Intercalated disks
Where is the ATP synthase located?
In chloroplasts and mitochondria
What tissue has very little ability to regenerate?
Nervous system tissue
What is cartilage derived from?
Mesenchyme
What are the folds in mitochondria called?
Cristae
What is the outermost gastrula layer?
Ectoderm
What is habituation?
Learning through experience not to respond to a situation if a response has no positive or negative consequences
What is sensitization?
An increased response to repeated stimulants
Are birds warm or cold blooded? How many chambers are in their hearts?
Warm-blooded with four chambered hearts
What is a vestigial organ?
A useless part of an animal that has no function
What is the Cori cycle ?
The conversion of lactate back into glucose in the liver
What happens to lactate produce the muscles?
It is transported to the liver for the Cori cycle
In what organisms does the glyoxylate cycle occur in?
Plants and bacteria
Where does beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?
The matrix of mitochondria
Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Cytosol
Can animals convert fatty acids into glucose?
No
Are mammals endotherm’s or exotherm’s?
Endotherm
What occurs in the Golgi apparatus?
Sugar groups are added to proteins and some proteins or enclosed in secretory granules for XO cytosis
What are the three basic types of epithelial tissue?
Cuboidal, columnar, squamous
Where are chemotrypsin and trypsin produced? What type of enzymes are they?
Pancreas
Proteases
What is a zymogen?
An inactive enzyme
What converts trypsinogen to trypsin?
Enterokinase
What is an episome?
A plasmid incorporated into a chromosome
How do cyanobacteria produce energy?
Photosynthesis
What light is the most effective in photosynthesis?
Blue and red
How many proteins are involved in RNA polymerize?
6
What site determines where transcription begins?
The promoter
What is another name for a bacteriophage?
A virus
What is it called when a single gene affects many traits in an organism?
Pleiotrophy
What is epistasis?
One two gene products interact to influence a common phenotype
What occurs when a ligand binds a receptor?
A conformational change
What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm?
Break down the protective surfaces of the egg
Where is hyaluronidase found? What type of enzyme is it?
In acrosome of sperm
Hydrolytic enzyme
What is translated from mature RNA, the exons or introns?
Exons
Lysosomes bud off of what organelle?
Golgi apparatus
What would you block to prevent an action potential?
Na channels
Are impulses faster in wide or narrow nerve fibers?
Wide
What is the precursor to the prokaryotic cell?
Protobiont
What are protobionts?
Metabolically active protein clusters
What is operant conditioning?
When an animal learns to associate a voluntary activity with the consequences that follow
What occurs in classical conditioning?
A physical response occurs to a stimulus from the environment
The notochord is derived from what tissue?
Mesoderm
What can change in action potentials? Speed, amplitude, or frequency
Frequency
What is molting?
Shedding of exoskeleton in crayfish (arthropod)
Arthropod
Symmetry?
Circulatory system?
Bilateral symmetry
Open circulatory system
What do prostate fluids do?
Help neutralize vagina
Examples of ruminants?
Cows, sheep, deer
Ruminants stomach pH?
Alkaline (basic)
Ruminants stomach chambers?
4
Phrenic nerve function?
Contracts diaphragm
Where does blood move slowest?
Capillaries
What lymphocytes release histamine?
Basophils
What produces Interluekin 1?
Macrophages
What produces interluekin 2?
Helper T cells
What is the function of interluekins?
Activate cytotoxic cells, B cells, and helper T cells
Helper T cells mobilize which branch of immune system?
Both humoral and cell mediated immune system
Rain shadows?
Environments near mountains that receive very little moisture
What is it called when evolution is concentrated in a very rapid advance of creating a new species?
Punctuated equilibrium
What is parthenogenesis?
Example?
New individuals are produced without fertilizer
Example - Male Honey Bees
New spores are released from what?
Sporangia
What is the main fungus involved in food spoilage?
Rhizopus
What are the most diverse type of plants?
Angiosperms
What did angiosperms evolve from?
Gymnosperms
What did gymnosperms evolve from?
Bryophytes
Which organism contains our flagellum for locomotion and often has chloroplasts?
Euglena
What is the special feature of paramecium?
It has a contract Vacuole to rid the cell of excess water
What is a planaria?
Oh flatworm that contains both male and female reproductive structures
Hyrda contains what specialized structure?
Stinging cells called nematocysts
Electrophoresis in the presence of the detergent SDS Will separate proteins based on what characteristic?
Mass
What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?
G1
Where do killer T cells develop?
Thymus
How do you killer T cells destroy their targets?
Use the protein perforin to lyse their targets
Where are electrons transferred during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
From water to ATP and NADP+
Light reactions of photosynthesis
Water - oxidized or reduced?
NADP+ - oxidized or reduced?
Water is oxidized
NADP+ is reduced
What hormone is released by the duodenum to inhibit peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach?
Enterogastrone
What is the function of secretin?
Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme
Where is the secretin made
In duodenum
Where is the function of enterogastrone?
Do you inhibit peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach
What is insulin derived from?
Preproinsulin and pro-insulin
Which ion binds to troponin during muscle contractions?
Ca++
What is Jacobson’s organ?
A sense organ that detects chemical stimuli
Where are the color forming cells of a Chamaeleon found?
In the dermis
What type of plants are Pinetree’s?
Gymnosperms
What does the ovary of an angiosperm develop into after fertilization?
Fruit
What is the second messenger that activates calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum?
IP3
What is involved in relaxing smooth muscle?
Nitric oxide
What does cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP activate?
Protein kinases
Do you amphibians have an amnion?
No
Can facultative anaerobic bacteria live with or without oxygen?
Both with and without oxygen
What happens of obligate anaerobic bacteria are exposed to oxygen?
They will die
What is an oncogene?
A gene that has the potential to induce cancerous transformations
What is a prion?
Protein infectious particle
What cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
What are kupffer cells?
Macrophages located in the liver
What is the function of renin? Production location?
It regulates arterial blood pressure
Produced in juxtaglomerular apparatus
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
Nurture sperm
What was the essential factor in land colonization?
Ozone formation
Where are mitochondria located in sperm?
In the midpiece
What is the name of the Jelly coat surrounding an Egg cell?
Zona pellucida
What causes rigor mortis?
Due to the lack of ATP, the actin and myosin filaments remain bonded together until the muscles begin decomposing
What is tetanus?
Sustained forceful muscle contraction
What is tonus?
A condition of skeletal muscle and which I sustained slight contraction is maintained
What is metaplasia?
A change from one cell to another such as inflammation or irritation
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in cell number
What is atrophy?
A decrease in cell size
What is aplasia?
Almost complete failure of development
What type of enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose into fructose?
Isomerase
What distinguishes insects from crustaceans?
Two pairs of antenna
Do nematodes have a complete digestive system?
Yes
What makes up most of earths crust?
Oxygen followed by silicon
What makes up most of earths atmosphere?
Nitrogen followed by oxygen
Can methanogens utilize oxygen?
No, poisoned by oxygen
Where can methanogens be found?
In gut of ruminants
What is used to compare the efficiency of an enzyme?
Kcat/ Km ratio
Largest is most efficient
What is another name for fertilization ?
Syngamy
What is transformation?
When bacteria of one strain incorporate genes from a second strain of bacteria
How are dizygotic twins produced?
2 eggs and 2 sperm
What is the glyoxylate cycle?
Sugars produced from acetyl-CoA in plants and bacteria
What does the hexose mono phosphate shunt do?
It converts glucose into five carbon sugar’s and generates NADPH
What are immature male gametophytes?
Pollen grains
Most of the eye is made of what?
Vitreous humor
Where does light enter the eye?
Cornea
What is clathrin involved in?
Cell mediated endocytosis
Where is spectrin found? Function?
In erythrocytes, helps resist strong shearing forces
Where is blood pressure highest?
Aorta
What is a sphygmomanometer used for?
Measuring blood pressure
What is a monometer used for?
Measuring gas pressure
What is the main calcium compound in the bone?
Calcium phosphate
What percent of calcium is in the bloodstream?
1%
What does the allantois do in humans?
It is involved and oxygen and nutrients transport and becomes part of the placenta
What does the allantois stalk become?
Umbilical cord
