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DAT > Destroyer Bio 401-516 > Flashcards

Destroyer Bio 401-516 Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebrae’s begin with what organism?

A

Jawless fish

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2
Q

What is the order of mammal ancestors? (5)

A 
Jawless fish
Bony fish
Amphibians 
Reptiles 
Birds 
Mammals
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3
Q

Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

Euglena motility?

A

Flagellum

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5
Q

Paramecium motility?

A

Cilia

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6
Q

Amoeba motility?

A

Pseudopodia

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7
Q

What substance reduces the surface tension of fluid in an infant’s lungs?

A

Surfactant

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8
Q

What stimulates the first breath and a newborn?

A

High carbon dioxide levels

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9
Q

What is the name for a solid ball of cells during embryo development?

A

Morula

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10
Q

What forms after the morula during embryo development?

A

Blastocyst

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11
Q

Where are the structural genes located that control lactose metabolism?

A

Operon

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12
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

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13
Q

What holds adjacent cells together in cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated disks

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14
Q

Where is the ATP synthase located?

A

In chloroplasts and mitochondria

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15
Q

What tissue has very little ability to regenerate?

A

Nervous system tissue

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16
Q

What is cartilage derived from?

A

Mesenchyme

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17
Q

What are the folds in mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

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18
Q

What is the outermost gastrula layer?

A

Ectoderm

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19
Q

What is habituation?

A

Learning through experience not to respond to a situation if a response has no positive or negative consequences

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20
Q

What is sensitization?

A

An increased response to repeated stimulants

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21
Q

Are birds warm or cold blooded? How many chambers are in their hearts?

A

Warm-blooded with four chambered hearts

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22
Q

What is a vestigial organ?

A

A useless part of an animal that has no function

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23
Q

What is the Cori cycle ?

A

The conversion of lactate back into glucose in the liver

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24
Q

What happens to lactate produce the muscles?

A

It is transported to the liver for the Cori cycle

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25
Q

In what organisms does the glyoxylate cycle occur in?

A

Plants and bacteria

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26
Q

Where does beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?

A

The matrix of mitochondria

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27
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

Cytosol

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28
Q

Can animals convert fatty acids into glucose?

A

No

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29
Q

Are mammals endotherm’s or exotherm’s?

A

Endotherm

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30
Q

What occurs in the Golgi apparatus?

A

Sugar groups are added to proteins and some proteins or enclosed in secretory granules for XO cytosis

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31
Q

What are the three basic types of epithelial tissue?

A

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

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32
Q

Where are chemotrypsin and trypsin produced? What type of enzymes are they?

A

Pancreas

Proteases

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33
Q

What is a zymogen?

A

An inactive enzyme

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34
Q

What converts trypsinogen to trypsin?

A

Enterokinase

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35
Q

What is an episome?

A

A plasmid incorporated into a chromosome

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36
Q

How do cyanobacteria produce energy?

A

Photosynthesis

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37
Q

What light is the most effective in photosynthesis?

A

Blue and red

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38
Q

How many proteins are involved in RNA polymerize?

A

6

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39
Q

What site determines where transcription begins?

A

The promoter

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40
Q

What is another name for a bacteriophage?

A

A virus

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41
Q

What is it called when a single gene affects many traits in an organism?

A

Pleiotrophy

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42
Q

What is epistasis?

A

One two gene products interact to influence a common phenotype

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43
Q

What occurs when a ligand binds a receptor?

A

A conformational change

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44
Q

What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm?

A

Break down the protective surfaces of the egg

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45
Q

Where is hyaluronidase found? What type of enzyme is it?

A

In acrosome of sperm

Hydrolytic enzyme

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46
Q

What is translated from mature RNA, the exons or introns?

A

Exons

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47
Q

Lysosomes bud off of what organelle?

A

Golgi apparatus

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48
Q

What would you block to prevent an action potential?

A

Na channels

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49
Q

Are impulses faster in wide or narrow nerve fibers?

A

Wide

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50
Q

What is the precursor to the prokaryotic cell?

A

Protobiont

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51
Q

What are protobionts?

A

Metabolically active protein clusters

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52
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

When an animal learns to associate a voluntary activity with the consequences that follow

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53
Q

What occurs in classical conditioning?

A

A physical response occurs to a stimulus from the environment

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54
Q

The notochord is derived from what tissue?

A

Mesoderm

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55
Q

What can change in action potentials? Speed, amplitude, or frequency

A

Frequency

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56
Q

What is molting?

A

Shedding of exoskeleton in crayfish (arthropod)

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57
Q

Arthropod
Symmetry?
Circulatory system?

A

Bilateral symmetry

Open circulatory system

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58
Q

What do prostate fluids do?

A

Help neutralize vagina

59
Q

Examples of ruminants?

A

Cows, sheep, deer

60
Q

Ruminants stomach pH?

A

Alkaline (basic)

61
Q

Ruminants stomach chambers?

A

4

62
Q

Phrenic nerve function?

A

Contracts diaphragm

63
Q

Where does blood move slowest?

A

Capillaries

64
Q

What lymphocytes release histamine?

A

Basophils

65
Q

What produces Interluekin 1?

A

Macrophages

66
Q

What produces interluekin 2?

A

Helper T cells

67
Q

What is the function of interluekins?

A

Activate cytotoxic cells, B cells, and helper T cells

68
Q

Helper T cells mobilize which branch of immune system?

A

Both humoral and cell mediated immune system

69
Q

Rain shadows?

A

Environments near mountains that receive very little moisture

70
Q

What is it called when evolution is concentrated in a very rapid advance of creating a new species?

A

Punctuated equilibrium

71
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

Example?

A

New individuals are produced without fertilizer

Example - Male Honey Bees

72
Q

New spores are released from what?

A

Sporangia

73
Q

What is the main fungus involved in food spoilage?

A

Rhizopus

74
Q

What are the most diverse type of plants?

A

Angiosperms

75
Q

What did angiosperms evolve from?

A

Gymnosperms

76
Q

What did gymnosperms evolve from?

A

Bryophytes

77
Q

Which organism contains our flagellum for locomotion and often has chloroplasts?

A

Euglena

78
Q

What is the special feature of paramecium?

A

It has a contract Vacuole to rid the cell of excess water

79
Q

What is a planaria?

A

Oh flatworm that contains both male and female reproductive structures

80
Q

Hyrda contains what specialized structure?

A

Stinging cells called nematocysts

81
Q

Electrophoresis in the presence of the detergent SDS Will separate proteins based on what characteristic?

A

Mass

82
Q

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?

A

G1

83
Q

Where do killer T cells develop?

A

Thymus

84
Q

How do you killer T cells destroy their targets?

A

Use the protein perforin to lyse their targets

85
Q

Where are electrons transferred during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

From water to ATP and NADP+

86
Q

Light reactions of photosynthesis
Water - oxidized or reduced?
NADP+ - oxidized or reduced?

A

Water is oxidized

NADP+ is reduced

87
Q

What hormone is released by the duodenum to inhibit peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach?

A

Enterogastrone

88
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme

89
Q

Where is the secretin made

A

In duodenum

90
Q

Where is the function of enterogastrone?

A

Do you inhibit peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach

91
Q

What is insulin derived from?

A

Preproinsulin and pro-insulin

92
Q

Which ion binds to troponin during muscle contractions?

A

Ca++

93
Q

What is Jacobson’s organ?

A

A sense organ that detects chemical stimuli

94
Q

Where are the color forming cells of a Chamaeleon found?

A

In the dermis

95
Q

What type of plants are Pinetree’s?

A

Gymnosperms

96
Q

What does the ovary of an angiosperm develop into after fertilization?

A

Fruit

97
Q

What is the second messenger that activates calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

IP3

98
Q

What is involved in relaxing smooth muscle?

A

Nitric oxide

99
Q

What does cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP activate?

A

Protein kinases

100
Q

Do you amphibians have an amnion?

A

No

101
Q

Can facultative anaerobic bacteria live with or without oxygen?

A

Both with and without oxygen

102
Q

What happens of obligate anaerobic bacteria are exposed to oxygen?

A

They will die

103
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

A gene that has the potential to induce cancerous transformations

104
Q

What is a prion?

A

Protein infectious particle

105
Q

What cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

106
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

Macrophages located in the liver

107
Q

What is the function of renin? Production location?

A

It regulates arterial blood pressure

Produced in juxtaglomerular apparatus

108
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A

Nurture sperm

109
Q

What was the essential factor in land colonization?

A

Ozone formation

110
Q

Where are mitochondria located in sperm?

A

In the midpiece

111
Q

What is the name of the Jelly coat surrounding an Egg cell?

A

Zona pellucida

112
Q

What causes rigor mortis?

A

Due to the lack of ATP, the actin and myosin filaments remain bonded together until the muscles begin decomposing

113
Q

What is tetanus?

A

Sustained forceful muscle contraction

114
Q

What is tonus?

A

A condition of skeletal muscle and which I sustained slight contraction is maintained

115
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A change from one cell to another such as inflammation or irritation

116
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in cell number

117
Q

What is atrophy?

A

A decrease in cell size

118
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Almost complete failure of development

119
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose into fructose?

A

Isomerase

120
Q

What distinguishes insects from crustaceans?

A

Two pairs of antenna

121
Q

Do nematodes have a complete digestive system?

A

Yes

122
Q

What makes up most of earths crust?

A

Oxygen followed by silicon

123
Q

What makes up most of earths atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen followed by oxygen

124
Q

Can methanogens utilize oxygen?

A

No, poisoned by oxygen

125
Q

Where can methanogens be found?

A

In gut of ruminants

126
Q

What is used to compare the efficiency of an enzyme?

A

Kcat/ Km ratio

Largest is most efficient

127
Q

What is another name for fertilization ?

A

Syngamy

128
Q

What is transformation?

A

When bacteria of one strain incorporate genes from a second strain of bacteria

129
Q

How are dizygotic twins produced?

A

2 eggs and 2 sperm

130
Q

What is the glyoxylate cycle?

A

Sugars produced from acetyl-CoA in plants and bacteria

131
Q

What does the hexose mono phosphate shunt do?

A

It converts glucose into five carbon sugar’s and generates NADPH

132
Q

What are immature male gametophytes?

A

Pollen grains

133
Q

Most of the eye is made of what?

A

Vitreous humor

134
Q

Where does light enter the eye?

A

Cornea

135
Q

What is clathrin involved in?

A

Cell mediated endocytosis

136
Q

Where is spectrin found? Function?

A

In erythrocytes, helps resist strong shearing forces

137
Q

Where is blood pressure highest?

A

Aorta

138
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer used for?

A

Measuring blood pressure

139
Q

What is a monometer used for?

A

Measuring gas pressure

140
Q

What is the main calcium compound in the bone?

A

Calcium phosphate

141
Q

What percent of calcium is in the bloodstream?

A

1%

142
Q

What does the allantois do in humans?

A

It is involved and oxygen and nutrients transport and becomes part of the placenta

143
Q

What does the allantois stalk become?

A

Umbilical cord

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