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Destroyer Bio 1-100 Flashcards

1
Q

Dinosaur time span?

A

230-65 million years ago

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2
Q

Are actin and myosin involved in cytokinesis?

A

Yes

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3
Q

First sign of cleavage?

A

Formation of cleavage furrow

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4
Q

What forms during cytokinesis in plants?

A

Cell plate

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5
Q

What occurs when part of one chromosome is lost?

A

A partial monosomy

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6
Q

Partial trisomy?

A

Addition of a portion of another chromosome seen

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7
Q

Lobes in left and right lung?

A

Left - 2

Right - 3

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8
Q

Which lung is larger?

A

The right lung

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9
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons carry nerve impulses from where to where?

A

From peripheral body parts into the brain/spinal cord

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10
Q

Motor neuron associated with?

A

Muscles and glands

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11
Q

What enables investigators to examine genes in a cell type and determine if they are expressed?

A

DNA microarray technology

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12
Q

Monotremes?

A

Mammals that lay eggs

Example - Platypuses or echidnas

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13
Q

Marsupials?

A

Mammal that completes embryonic development in a pouch.

Kangaroo

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14
Q

Chitin consists of?

A

Glucose molecules with nitrogen groups attached

Polymer of amino sugars

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15
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

Cell wall of fungus

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16
Q

Sodium potassium pump

  • stoichiometry?
  • use ATP?
  • Inhibiting drugs?
A
  • 3 Na out of cell, 2 K in cell
  • Uses ATP
  • inhibitors: oubain, digitalis
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17
Q

Valve at junction of small and large intestine?

A

illeocecal valve

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18
Q

Effect of colchicine?

A

Inhibits polymerization of tubulin in microtubules

➡️ stopes mitosis

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19
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Thyroid gland

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20
Q

Thyroxine / Triiodothyronine

  • produced where?
  • contain what ion?
  • influence?
A
  • thyroid
  • contain iodine
  • influence growth, development, metabolism
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21
Q

What is used to determine thyroid activity?

A

I-131 (radioactive)

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22
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the kidneys targets? Result?

A

Sympathetic innervation targets afferent arterioles causing constriction and reduced urine output

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23
Q

Efferent arteriole constriction in the kidneys causes?

A

An increase in filtration

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24
Q

What type of receptor does insulin bind to?

A

Cell-surface receptor

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25
Q

Steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone bind to what receptors?

A

Nuclear receptors

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26
Q

Unique feature of angiosperms?

A

Double fertilization of egg nucleus and central nucleus

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27
Q

Endosperm function?

A

Provide nutrients to developing embryo

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28
Q

How do earthworms keep their skin moist?

Why?

A

Secrets mucus

➡️ moist skin is needed for gas exchange because earthworms do not have respiratory organs

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29
Q

Salt in earthworm?

A

Destroys sensitive skin causing death

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30
Q

What metabolic pathway will occur in all living cells?

A

Glycolysis

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31
Q

What causes human twins to be produced?

A

Indeterminate cleavage of zygote

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32
Q

Pathway of blood from liver back to heart?

A

Hepatic vein ➡️ Inferior vena cava

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33
Q

What can prevent normal removal of bile pigments via the digestive tract?

A

Liver problems

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34
Q

What compound causes skin discoloration as seen in jaundice?

A

Bilirubin

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35
Q

Autotrophs?

A

Make their own food

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36
Q

Where are papillary muscles located?

A

Inside the heart

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37
Q

Function of ciliary muscle?

A

Involved with changing lens shape

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38
Q

Echinoderms include what invertebrates?

What type of symmetry?

A

Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Radial symmetry

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39
Q

Convergent evolution?

A

Two distinct species with different ancestries evolve to yield similar physical features

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40
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate?

A

Red blood cell production in bone marrow

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41
Q

Most abundant cell in blood?

A

Erythrocytes

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42
Q

Least abundant cell in blood?

A

Leukocytes

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43
Q

Release of histamine causes?

A

Vasodilation

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44
Q

Myeloma?

A

Cancer cell with ability for indefinite growth

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45
Q

Hybridoma?

A

Lymphocyte fused with modified myeloma cell

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46
Q

What type of compound is a prostaglandin?

A

Modified fatty acid

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47
Q

Affect of prostaglandins?

A

Help induce fever, pain sensation, and inflammation

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48
Q

What may inhibit prostaglandin activity?

A

Aspirin

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49
Q

Two important hormones produced in pancreas?

Endocrine or exocrine?

A

Insulin and glucagon

Endocrine

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50
Q

Exocrine enzymes produced in pancreas?

A

Lipases, amylase, and proteases

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51
Q

Where is epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and aldosterone made?

A

Adrenal gland

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52
Q

Function of ecdysone?

A

Hormone involved in insect molting and metamorphosis

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53
Q

When do organs develop in human embryo?

A

First trimester

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54
Q

When is embryo most sensitive to drugs and radiation?

A

First trimester

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55
Q

When is embryo called a fetus?

A

At 8 weeks

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56
Q

Conditions to disrupt disulfide bond?

A

Reducing conditions

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57
Q

Function of helicases?

Energy used?

A

Motor proteins help unwind nucleic acid strands

Use ATP

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58
Q

Endonucleases have ability to?

A

Cut DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides

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59
Q

Function of DNA ligase?

A

Repair discontinuities in DNA

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60
Q

Dehydrogenases involved in what type of reaction?

A

Redox Reactions

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61
Q

By what process does a bacterium produce an endospore?

A

Endosporulation

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62
Q

Cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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63
Q

Endospore comprised of?

A

Bacterial cytoplasm, DNA, surrounded by tough outer coat

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64
Q

Types of cells in lymph nodes?

A

B-cells
T-cells
Macrophages

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65
Q

What helps macrophages attach to bacteria?

A

Fibril-like pseudopodia

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66
Q

How do macrophages destroy bacteria?

A

Phagocytosis

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67
Q

Most coming leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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68
Q

How long do neutrophils live?

A

A few days

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69
Q

Analogous structures?

A

Evolved independently and are built from different structures

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70
Q

Fixed-action pattern?

A

Specific environmental stimulus triggers complex coordinated response

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71
Q

Are fixed action patterns learned?

72
Q

Simplest fixed action pattern?

73
Q

Lymph fluid contains?

A

Water, protein, salts, sugars, urea

74
Q

Lymphocytes make up what percent of leukocytes?

75
Q

Where does lymph enter venous system?

A

Subclavian vein

76
Q

What is removed from a primary RNA transcript during post transcriptional processing?

77
Q

Second law of thermodynamics?

A

The total entropy of an isolated system increases over time

78
Q

Catabolism?

A

Breakdown of nutrients to provide energy

79
Q

Anabolism?

A

Synthesis of bio molecules from simpler compounds

80
Q

What activates adenylyl cyclase?

A

Binding of epinephrine to receptor protein

81
Q

Cyclic amp acts as?

A

Second messenger

82
Q

Darwinian fitness?

A

Contribution that an individual will make to the gene pool of the next generation

83
Q

Attenuated vaccine?

A

Version of living microbe that has been weakened and modified in lab

84
Q

Endoderm?

A

Animals that use metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature

85
Q

Ectoderm?

A

Warms body by heat absorption from the surroundings

86
Q

Fresh water fish live in what environment?

A

Hypo-osmotic

87
Q

Function of microvilli in small intestines?

A

Increase surface area to aid in food absorption

88
Q

Do nucleic acids contain sulfur?

89
Q

In which pole is the yolk most concentrated?

A

Vegetal pole

90
Q

What is formed when ectodermal cells elongate?

A

Neural plate

91
Q

Folding of neural plate gives rise to?

A

Neural tube, which will become brain and spinal cord

92
Q

Gray crescent establishes? Location?

A

Establishes body axis

Located on side of egg opposite of the sperm penetration

93
Q

What sort of divisions are cleavages?

94
Q

What do cells skip during cleavages?

A

G1 and G2 phases

95
Q

Does the embryo increase in size during cleavage?

96
Q

Somites?

A

Segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of notochord

Produce vertebrae and muscles

97
Q

What is needed for facilitated diffusion and active transport?

A

Carrier molecules

98
Q

Gymnosperm examples?

A

Spruce, pine, and fur trees

99
Q

Angiosperm examples?

A

Fruits, flowering plants, maple,

Oaks, and grass

100
Q

Two different types of angiosperms?

A

Monocots

Dicots

101
Q

Monocots veins?

102
Q

Dicot veins?

A

Leaves with netlike veins

103
Q

Alternation of generations?

A

Gametophyte (haploid) alternates with sporophyte (diploid)

104
Q

Locus?

A

Genes specific location on chromosome

105
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

106
Q

Pili allow bacteria to?

A

Adhere to one another or to mucous membrane
+
Allow DNA transfer during conjugation

107
Q

Least numerous leukocyte?

108
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

109
Q

What animals excrete urea?

A

Mammals
+
Adult Amphibians

110
Q

What animals excrete ammonia?

A

Marine animals

111
Q

What animals excrete Utica acid?

A

Birds, insects, reptiles

112
Q

Capillary system associated with loop of Henle involved in concentrating urine?

A

Vasa recta

113
Q

Opening of archenteron that can develop into the mouth or anus?

A

Blastopore

114
Q

Pond/lake in summer

  • where is oxygen?
  • where are nutrients?
A

Oxygen near surface and nutrients near bottom

115
Q

What happens to nutrients/oxygen in spring/autumn in lake and ponds

A

Turnover

Oxygenated water goes towards the bottom and nutrients go to the top

116
Q

What suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones?

A

Somatostatin

117
Q

Threes phases of menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual flow phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase

118
Q

What prevents disintegration of endometrium?

A

High levels of progesterone and estrogen

119
Q

Plants produce gametes in what structures?

A

Gametangia

120
Q

Where are plant eggs found?

A

Archegonia

121
Q

Male gametangia located where?

A

Antheridia

122
Q

Two main branches of immune system?

A

Humoral immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

123
Q

Process by which white blood cells move through endothelial pores?

A

Diapedesis

124
Q

Organisms that consume dead or decaying matter?

A

Detritivores

125
Q

Agglutination?

A

Blood clumping due to a transfusion with incompatible blood types

126
Q

People with type

O blood can donate to?

127
Q

Biome south of tundra?

A

Taiga (coniferous forest)

128
Q

Name when two forms of alleles exist for gene locus?

A

Multiple allele system

129
Q

What allows cells to join into strong epithelial sheets? ( abundant in skin )

A

Desmosomes

130
Q

Flame cell function?

A

Removal of water in worms

131
Q

Anthropod circulatory system?

A

Open circulatory system using hemolymph

132
Q

Cells that form bone?

Release?

A

Osteoblasts

Deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate

133
Q

Turner syndrome caused by?

134
Q

Edward syndrome?

A

Trisomy of 18

135
Q

Down syndrome?

A

Trisomy of 21

136
Q

Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Trisomy of sex chromosomes

137
Q

Karyotyping occurs during what stage of mitosis?

138
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine made from?

A

Amino acids

139
Q

Alcohol blocks what hormone?

A

Vasopressin

Antidiuretic hormone

140
Q

Lumen?

A

Space inside a tube

141
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

142
Q

Are spermatids haploid or diploid?

143
Q

Flowering plants?

A

Angiosperms

144
Q

Two different types of angiosperms?

A

Dicots and monocots

145
Q

Non-tracheophytes?

A

Plants lacking vascular tissue

146
Q

What control gas exchange in plants?

147
Q

Fluid in inner membrane of chloroplasts?

148
Q

What structure contains photosynthetic pigment?

A

Thylakoids

149
Q

Apical meristem of plant produces?

A

Branches and flowers

150
Q

Nucleoside consists of?

A

Sugar and base

151
Q

Action of kinases?

A

Transfer phosphoryl groups

152
Q

Phosphatase action?

A

Catalyzes hydolytic cleavage of phosphate ester bond

153
Q

Does hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen or carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide

154
Q

Non protein portion of hemoglobin?

155
Q

Function of yellow bone marrow?

A

Fat storage

156
Q

Platelets arise from what cell?

A

Megakaryoctye

157
Q

Gibberellins?

A

Plant hormones that induce certain plants to flower as well as stem elongation

158
Q

Ethylene in plants?

A

Stimulates fruit ripening

159
Q

Abscisic acid in plants?

A

Inhibitor of plant growth hormone

160
Q

Cytokinins in plants?

A

Promote cell division

161
Q

Peroxisomes convert?

Microbodies

A

Convert H2O2 into H2O and O2

162
Q

Collagen helix?

A

Triple helix

163
Q

Gluconeogenesis?

A

Fats or amino acids made into glucose

164
Q

Centrioles found in?

Involved in?

A

Found in animal cells, involved in cell division

165
Q

Sister chromatid separation occurs in what stage of mitosis?

166
Q

Nucleolus reappears in what stage of mitosis?

167
Q

Cytokinesis occurs in what stage of mitosis?

A

Late anaphase or early telophase

168
Q

Centrioles move to opposite ends occurs in what stage of mitosis?

169
Q

What type of cells are blue-green algae? Kingdom?

A

Prokaryotes from kingdom Monera

170
Q

Another name for blue-green algae?

A

Cyanobacteria

171
Q

Lichen is what type of cell? Live symbiotically with?

A

Cyanobacteria live symbiotically with fungus

172
Q

Gram positive bacteria appear what color after gram staining?

173
Q

Teichoic acids?

A

Used as recognition and binding sites by bacterial viruses

174
Q

Two compounds in birth control pills?

A

Estrogen and progestin

175
Q

Progesterone decreases what?

A

FSH and LH

176
Q

FSH in males?

A

Maintains sperm production

177
Q

LH in males?

A

Stimulates leydig cells to make testosterone

DAT (5 decks)

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