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Product Design > Design Process, Specification and Conceptual Design > Flashcards

Design Process, Specification and Conceptual Design Flashcards

1
Q

What does TRL stand for

A

Technology Readiness Level

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2
Q

TRL 0

A

Idea

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3
Q

TRL 1

A

Basic research

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4
Q

TRL 2

A

Technology formulation

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5
Q

TRL 3

A

Applied research

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6
Q

TRL 4

A

Small scale prototype

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7
Q

TRL 5

A

Large scale prototype

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8
Q

TRL 6

A

Prototype system

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9
Q

TRL 7

A

Demonstration system

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10
Q

TRL 8

A

First of a kind commercial system

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11
Q

TRL 9

A

Full commercial application

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12
Q

Which TRL do Universities deal with

A

0-4

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13
Q

Which TRL do Industries deal with

A

2-9

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14
Q

What makes products complicated

A
  1. Multi-part products
  2. Organisation of multi-disciplinary teams
  3. Products need verification and documentation
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15
Q

What are the 8 major objectives in car design

A
  1. Technical performance
  2. Cost
  3. Environmental
  4. Ergonomics
  5. Aesthetics
  6. Reliability
  7. Safety
  8. Luxury
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16
Q

Give an example of when form conflicted with function

A

Audi TT Rear wheel slip

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17
Q

Explain why Toyota recalled 2.1 million vehicles

A

Accelerator pedal could become trapped under floor mat resulting is high possibility of crashes. Cost - $2 billion

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18
Q

1 in how many cars purchased last month were electric

A

12

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19
Q

Give 4 examples of some key future developments

A
  1. Electric cars
  2. Robotics
  3. Renewable energy
  4. Domestic products
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20
Q

Name some engineering design consultancies in the UK

A

DCA Design, Cambridge Consultants, PA Consulting Group

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21
Q

What is the biggest industry in the UK

A

Automotive - £77.5 billion turnover, 814000 people employed, 12% of exported goods

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22
Q

Why is a design process needed

A

To systemically coordinate the efforts of large, multi-disciplinary teams

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of design

A
  1. Incremental
  2. Adaptive
  3. Original
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24
Q

What does incremental design involve

A

Minor changes/improvements to an existing product - low risk, common with mature products (eg cars). Enabled by new elements of technology and new manufacturing processes

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25
Q

What does adaptive design involve

A

Significant changes/improvements to whole sub-systems - common when significant technologies come along (eg airbags, computer controlled engines)

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26
Q

What does original design involve

A

Major changes/improvements to whole sub-systems or systems - Not common due to risk, only when acute need (eg energy concerns) (IC engine to hybrid)

27
Q

Give the 9 stages of a product lifecycle

A
  1. Trigger
  2. Product Planning
  3. Feasibility study
  4. Design
  5. Development
  6. Production
  7. Distribution
  8. Operation
  9. Disposal
28
Q

What are the 7 design stages of the Pahl and Beitz model

A
  1. Task
  2. Specification
  3. Concept
  4. Preliminary layout
  5. Definitive layout
  6. Documentation
  7. Solution
29
Q

What are the 4 design phases of the Pahl and Beitz model

A
  1. Task clarification
  2. Conceptual design
  3. Embodiment design
  4. Detail design
30
Q

Describe the Pahl and Beitz model

A

Top down design (start with abstract ideas, finish with complete details), distinct stages makes it manageable,, stages of design can be overlapped (concurrent) to reduce time

31
Q

What are the 4 design stages of the Double Diamond process

A
  1. Discover (divergent)
  2. Define (convergent)
  3. Develop (divergent)
  4. Deliver (convergent)
32
Q

Describe the Double Diamond process

A

Encourages task clarification as a major task involving significant research, breaks task into stages with outputs

33
Q

What are the top and bottom sections of the V-model respectively

A

Systems design and Component design

34
Q

What are the 6 stages of the V-model

A
  1. Concept of operations
  2. Requirements and architecture
  3. Detailed design
  4. Integration/Test/Verification
  5. System verification
  6. Operations and Maintenance
35
Q

Describe the V-model

A

Top down during the design phase, Bottom up during verification and delivery phase

36
Q

What are the advantages of top-down design

A

Helpful to plan system before deciding on the details

37
Q

What is the advantage of bottom-up testing

A

No use testing the system if individual components are not right

38
Q

What are the 4 phases of the stage gate model

A
  1. Definition
  2. Development
  3. Production
  4. In-service
39
Q

Describe the stage gate model

A

Certain achievements are required to be completed before progress can be made, regular design reviews, performance of design can be defined and recorded, key managers can sign off progress

40
Q

Why are prototype models important

A

Computer models have limitations, if a designer is unaware of weakness it will not be modelled, Cheap, Feedback on form and function quickly

41
Q

What are the 4 prototype models

A
  1. Breadboard (technology feasibility)
  2. Engineering (main performance aspects)
  3. Qualification (entire performance + safety margins)
  4. Delivered (Actual product)
42
Q

Give an example of when insufficient modelling was done

A

Hubble space telescope - wobble of solar array caused by inadequate thermal blankets (unknown unknown)

43
Q

What are the advantages of a function means tree

A

Help convert abstract functions into specific sub-functions, high level objectives represent customer ‘wants’, identifies requirements, can be used for conceptual design

44
Q

Name 3 case studies that involved an inadequate specification

A

Bristol rovers (Stand did not protect from rain), Challenger rocket (O-ring was too cold to keep seal), Concorde (Protection lining)

45
Q

What are the 7 drivers of innovation

A
  1. New legislation
  2. Customer wishes
  3. Technology breakthroughs
  4. Innovators/Entrepreneurs
  5. Elite activities
  6. Affluence
  7. Competition
46
Q

Name some conceptual design methods

A

Studying competition (iPhone vs Samsung)
Insight (Large chainwheel on Team GB bikes/Large ships)
Bio-inspiration (Velcro, bullet train, self-cleaning glass)
Technology transfer (Cyclone technology)
Functional decomposition
Backwards design (Worm gear set for spacecraft)
Prototyping
Brainstorming
Inversion (Helicopters, Caterpillar tracks)
Technology opportunities
Sketching

47
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Bio-inspiration

A

Concepts are proven to work in harsh environments, very large range of concepts - often very complex at micro level, not necessarily designed for longevity

48
Q

What is functional decomposition

A

Identifying individual sub functions and sub solutions and displaying in a morphological chart to observe different combinations of solutions

49
Q

What is brainstorming

A

Uninhibited idea creation by a team made up of people with different backgrounds. Encourages creativity

50
Q

What is inversion and what are some examples of it

A

Seeing if an existing design can be done another way

51
Q

What are some technology oppurtunities

A

AI, Mag-lev, Graphene, Sensors, Voice recognition

52
Q

What are the advantages of sketching

A

Quick, record notes, teamwork, can record lots of options

53
Q

What is TRIZ

A

Contradiction matrix used to obtain an ideal solution where all functions are achieved without causing any problem

54
Q

What is backwards design and give an example of it

A

Identify an idealistic solution and work backwards from it (double action worm gear set for space craft)

55
Q

What are the 4 design reviews?

A

Preliminary design review
Engineering design review
Qualification design review
Final design review

56
Q

What is the difference between an objective and a constraint? Give examples of each.

A

An objective is something you aim to optimise e.g. attrictive efficient reliable
A constraint is something which limits the design in a way e.g. safety performance, emissions standards

57
Q

What is physical insight? give an example

A

Understanding of physical laws help design choices

e.g inertial drag is influence by frontal area

58
Q

What 5 types of vehicle suspension are there?

A 
Leaf spring
Macpherson
Double wishbone
Horizontal 
Pushrod
59
Q

What 3 drive layouts are there?

A

Rear wheel
Front wheel
4 wheel

60
Q

Name the two types of vehicle chassis

A

Monocoque

Body on frame

61
Q

Name 5 ways you can transmit torque

A
  1. Keyway
  2. Spline
  3. Grub screw
  4. Bonding
  5. Wedge system
62
Q

What 7 types of actuator are there?

A
  1. Electric
  2. Hydraulic
  3. Pneumatic
  4. Piezo
  5. Air muscle
  6. Memory alloy
  7. Dielectric elastomers
63
Q

Give 4 examples of 4 bar mechanisms and their applications

A 
Parallelogram (double glazed windows)
Crank rocker (windscreen wipers)
Over centre (pliers)
Inverted parallelogram (knee)
64
Q

What 3 ways can you reduce damping?

A

Added mass
Added damping
Tuning

Product Design (5 decks)

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