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Medical Studies : HSS1010 > Describe this aspect of the human body. > Flashcards

Describe this aspect of the human body. Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Zygomaticus Major (Muscular System)

A

Raises corner of mouth.

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2
Q

Obicularis Oris (Muscular System)

A

Narrows mouth and purses lips.

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3
Q

Sternocleidomastoid (Muscular System)

A

Tilts and twists neck.

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4
Q

Trapezius (Muscular System)

A

Rotates and retracts scapula.

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5
Q

Deltoid (Muscular System)

A

Raises arm away from body to front, side, and rear.

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6
Q

Pectoralis Major (Muscular System)

A

Draws arm toward body; rotates upper arm inward.

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7
Q

Biceps Brachii (Muscular System)

A

Flexes forearm at elbow.

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8
Q

Medial Head of Triceps (Muscular System)

A

Extends arm at elbow.

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9
Q

External Oblique (Muscular System)

A

Flexes and rotates trunk.

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10
Q

Tensor Fasciae Latae (Muscular System)

A

Helps to keep knee straight.

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11
Q

Sartorius (Muscular System)

A

Flexes thigh at hip and leg at knee joint; turns thigh outward.

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12
Q

Rectus Femoris (Muscular System)

A

Flexes thigh at hip and with other quadriceps muscles, extends knee.

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13
Q

Vastus Lateralis (Muscular System)

A

Aids knee extension.

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14
Q

Tibialis Anterior (Muscular System)

A

Dorsiflexor and invertor of foot; supports arch of foot.

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15
Q

Gastrocnemius (Muscular System)

A

Plantar flexor of foot.

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16
Q

Soleus (Muscular System)

A

Plantar flexor of foot; aids forward propulsion.

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17
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus (Muscular System)

A

Extends big top and dorsiflexes foot.

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18
Q

Occipitofrontalis (Muscular System)

A

Raises eyebrow.

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19
Q

Obicularis Oculi (Muscular System)

A

Closes eye.

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20
Q

Scalenus Anterior (Muscular System)

A

Aids breathing and neck flexion.

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21
Q

Pectoralis Minor (Muscular System)

A

Moves scapula forward.

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22
Q

External Intercostal (Muscular System)

A

Muscle of respiration.

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23
Q

Internal Intercostal (Muscular System)

A

Muscle of respiration.

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24
Q

Internal Oblique (Muscular System)

A

Flexes and rotates trunk.

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25
Q

Linea Alba (Muscular System)

A

Tendinous structure dividing left and right anterior abdominal muscles.

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26
Q

Illiopsoas (Muscular System)

A

Flexes thigh on pelvis at hip.

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27
Q

Pectineus (Muscular System)

A

Flexes and adducts thigh on pelvis at hip.

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28
Q

Abductor Pollicis Brevis (Muscular System)

A

Pulls thumb in towards palm.

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29
Q

Adductor Brevis (Muscular System)

A

Rotates and draws thigh in toward body.

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30
Q

Adductor Longus (Muscular System)

A

Rotates and draws thigh in toward body.

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31
Q

Fibularis Brevis (Muscular System)

A

Flexes foot downward, turns it outward.

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32
Q

Fibularis Longus (Muscular System)

A

Flexes foot downward, turns it outward.

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33
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus (Muscular System)

A

Extends outer toes; helps to flex foot upward.

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34
Q

Extensor Hallucis Brevis (Muscular System)

A

Aids extension of middle three toes.

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35
Q

Abductor Hallucis (Muscular System)

A

Flexes big toe and moves it away from other toes.

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36
Q

Semispinalis Capitis (Muscular System)

A

Extends head and neck, and flexes them from side to side.

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37
Q

Splenius Capitis (Muscular System)

A

Moves head and twists neck.

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38
Q

Splenius Cervicis (Muscular System)

A

Rotates upper vertebre.

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39
Q

Levator Scapulae (Muscular System)

A

Lifts and twists shoulder.

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40
Q

Supraspinatus (Muscular System)

A

Raises arm and stabilizes shoulder.

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41
Q

Teres Minor (Muscular System)

A

Lifts and twists arm, stabilizes shoulder.

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42
Q

Infraspinatus (Muscular System)

A

Rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder.

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43
Q

Teres Major (Muscular System)

A

Lifts and twists arm, stabilizes shoulder.

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44
Q

Serratus Anterior (Muscular System)

A

Rotates and protracts scapula.

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45
Q

Erector Spinae (Muscular System)

A

Elevates and straightens vertebral column.

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46
Q

Internal Oblique Abdominal (Muscular System)

A

Supports abdominal wall; assists forced breathing; aids raising of intra-abdominal pressure; aids flexion and rotation of trunk.

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47
Q

Gluteus Maximus (Muscular System)

A

Raises thigh away from body at hip; rotates thigh; tilts pelvis when walking.

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48
Q

Quadratus Femoris (Muscular System)

A

Rotates and stabilizes hip.

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49
Q

Vastus Lateralis (Muscular System)

A

Extends and stabilizes hip.

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50
Q

Adductor Magnus (Muscular System)

A

Extends thigh on pelvis at hip.

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51
Q

Gracilis (Muscular System)

A

Moves thigh towards body; flexes and rotates thigh.

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52
Q

Popliteus (Muscular System)

A

Flexes and turns leg to unlock extended knee.

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53
Q

Tibialis Posterior (Muscular System)

A

Main muscle in turning sole of foot inward (inversion).

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54
Q

Rhomboid Minor (Muscular System)

A

Aids retraction of scapula.

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55
Q

Rhomboid Major (Muscular System)

A

Aids retraction of scapula.

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56
Q

Trapezius (Muscular System)

A

Rotates, elevates, and retracts scapula.

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57
Q

Deltoid (Muscular System)

A

Raises arm to front, rear, and side.

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58
Q

Latissimus Dorsi (Muscular System)

A

Extends, rotates, and lowers arm; pulls shoulder back.

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59
Q

Long Head of Triceps (Muscular System)

A

Extends (straightens) elbow.

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60
Q

Lateral Head of Triceps (Muscular System)

A

Extends (straightens) elbow.

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61
Q

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Muscular System)

A

Helps to extend wrist.

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62
Q

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Muscular System)

A

Helps to flex wrist.

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63
Q

Extensor Digitorum (Muscular System)

A

Extends all finger joints.

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64
Q

Gluteus Maximus (Muscular System)

A

Straightens hip.

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65
Q

Biceps Femoris (Muscular System)

A

Extends thigh at hip; flexes knee; rotates leg.

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66
Q

Semitendinosus (Muscular System)

A

Extends thigh at hip; flexes knee; rotates leg on thigh at knee.

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67
Q

Semimembranosus (Muscular System)

A

Extends thigh at hip; flexes knee; rotates leg on thigh at knee.

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68
Q

Gastrocnemius (Muscular System)

A

Plantar flexor of foot; flexes knee.

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69
Q

Cervical Spinal Nerves (Nervous System)

A

Emerge from spinal cord in neck to supply neck and arm.

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70
Q

Brachial Plexus (Nervous System)

A

Network of anterior branches of lower cervical spinal nerves, together with first thoracic spinal nerve; provides nerves to supply arm, forearm, and hand.

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71
Q

Intercostal Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Anterior branches of thoracic spinal nerves travel forward between ribs as intercostal nerves to supply muscles and skin of thorax.

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72
Q

Median Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Supplies most of muscles in front of forearm, and also some in hand.

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73
Q

Lumbar Plexus (Nervous System)

A

Network of anterior branches of lumbar spinal nerves; provides nerves to supply leg.

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74
Q

Femoral Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Supplies sensation over thigh and inner leg, and muscles in front of thigh, including quadriceps.

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75
Q

Sacral Plexus (Nervous System)

A

Network of anterior branches of sacral spinal nerves; provides nerves to buttocks, thigh, and calf and foot.

76
Q

Common (Peroneal) Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Branch of sciatic nerve supplying front and outer side of lower leg.

77
Q

Cranial Nerves (Nervous System)

A

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves supply muscles and sensation in head and neck.

78
Q

Musculocutaneous Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Supplies muscles in front of upper arm, including biceps, as well as sensation to skin of lateral side of forearm.

79
Q

Axillary Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Supplies muscles and sensation around shoulder.

80
Q

Radial Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Supplies muscles and sensation on back of arm, forearm, and hand.

81
Q

Cauda Equina (Nervous System)

A

Lumbar and sacral nerve roots descending from end of spinal cord, occupying lower vertebral canal.

82
Q

Ulnar Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Supplies two forearm muscles and many small muscles in hand.

83
Q

Sciatic Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Largest nerve in body, supplying hamstrings; its branches supply muscles and sensation in lower leg and foot.

84
Q

Obturator Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Supplies muscles and skin of inner thigh.

85
Q

Tibial Nerve (Nervous System)

A

Largest branch of sciatic nerve, supplying calf and foot.

86
Q

Epiglottis (Respiratory System)

A

Cartilage flap that tilts over entrance to larynx during swallowing to prevent passage of food and fluids into trachea.

87
Q

Larynx (Respiratory System)

A

Short, cartilaginous tube joining laryngopharynx with trachea.

88
Q

Trachea (Respiratory System)

A

Fibromuscular tube held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage.

89
Q

Lung (Respiratory System)

A

Concavity on inner surface accommodates heart.

90
Q

Visceral Pleura (Respiratory System)

A

Membrane covering surface of lungs.

91
Q

Nasal Cavity (Respiratory System)

A

Air is warmed, cleaned, and moistened as it passes over the richly vascular lining of the cavity before entering the nasopharynx.

92
Q

Pharynx (Respiratory System)

A

Connects nasal cavity to larynx.

93
Q

Parietal Pleura (Respiratory System)

A

Membrane lining inner surface of chest wall.

94
Q

Diaphragm (Respiratory System)

A

Main muscle of respiration, which flattens as it contracts, increasing volume of thorax and producing a drop in pressure inside lungs, drawing in air.

95
Q

Pleural Cavity (Respiratory System)

A

Space between parietal and visceral layers of pleura, containing a thin film of pleural fluid that lubricates lungs.

96
Q

Internal Carotid Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Supplies blood to brain.

97
Q

External Carotid Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Supplies neck and tissues of head outside skull.

98
Q

Common Carotid Artery. (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Divides in neck to form external and internal carotid arteries.

99
Q

Brachiocephalic Vein. (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Formed by union of internal jugular and carotid arteries.

100
Q

Superior Vena Cava. (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Large vein formed by joining of both brachiocephalic veins; returns blood from head, arms, and chest wall to heart.

101
Q

Descending Aorta (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Leading from aortic arch, runs down through thorax and into abdomen.

102
Q

Renal Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Carries blood to kidneys.

103
Q

Renal Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Drains blood from kidneys.

104
Q

Basilic Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Superficial vein draining medial side of arm, forearm, and hand.

105
Q

Superior Mesenteric Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Branch of abdominal aorta, supplying small intestine and part of large intestine.

106
Q

Inferior Vena Cava (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Large vein draining blood from lower body and returning it to the heart.

107
Q

Internal Iliac Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Supplies organs within pelvis.

108
Q

Internal Iliac Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Drains blood from pelvic organs.

109
Q

Fibular Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Supplies muscles in side of lower leg.

110
Q

Posterior Tibial Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Runs with posterior tibial artery, draining deep tissues in calf.

111
Q

Anterior Tibial Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Runs with anterior tibial artery, draining deep tissues in shin.

112
Q

Artery of Dorsum of Foot (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Continuation of anterior tibial artery.

113
Q

Internal Jugular Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Drains blood from brain, face, and neck.

114
Q

Extended Jugular Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Drains blood from face and scalp.

115
Q

Subclavian Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Main artery supplying blood to arm, forearm, and hand.

116
Q

Subclavian Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Main vein draining blood from arm, forearm and hand.

117
Q

Cephalic Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Superficial vein lying in subcutaneous tissue; drains lateral side of arm, forearm and hand.

118
Q

Brachial Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Continuation of axillary artery, in upper arm.

119
Q

Ulnar Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Branches from brachial artery to supply outer side of forearm and hand.

120
Q

Radial Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Branches from brachial artery to supply outer side of forearm and hand.

121
Q

External Iliac Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Main artery supplying thigh, leg, and foot.

122
Q

External Iliac Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Main vein returning blood to heart from thigh, leg and foot.

123
Q

Common Iliac Arteries (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Pair of arteries formed by division of the aorta.

124
Q

Common Iliac Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Unites with vein on other side to form inferior vena cava.

125
Q

Anterior TIbial Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Supplies muscles in font of tibia and fibula.

126
Q

Small Saphenous Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Superficial vein draining into popliteal vein at back of knee.

127
Q

Great Saphenous Vein (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Long superficial vein of thigh and leg, ending in femoral vein.

128
Q

Posterior Tibial Artery (Circulatory OR Cardiovascular System)

A

Supplies calf and sole of foot.

129
Q

Right Subclavian Vein (Lymphatic System)

A

Point at which lymph from right arm and right side of head and thorax enters bloodstream.

130
Q

Axillary Nodes (Lymphatic System)

A

Drain lymph from arm, breast, wall of thorax, and upper abdomen.

131
Q

Supratrochlear Nodes (Lymphatic System)

A

Collect lymph from hand and forearm.

132
Q

Thoracic Duct (Lymphatic System)

A

Collects lymph from both legs, abdomen, left arm, and left sides of head and thorax.

133
Q

Cisterna Chyli (Lymphatic System)

A

Enlarged lymph vessel formed from vessels converging from legs and lower body; narrows into thoracic duct.

134
Q

Inguinal Nodes (Lymphatic System)

A

Drain lymph from legs, lower abdominal wall and external genitals.

135
Q

External Iliac Nodes (Lymphatic System)

A

Drain anterior abdominal wall below umbilicus, external genitalia, prostate, urethra, bladder, and medial aspect of thigh.

136
Q

Popliteal Nodes (Lymphatic System)

A

Sited behind knees; drain lymph from lower leg and foot.

137
Q

Left Subclavian Vein (Lymphatic System)

A

Point at which lymph from thoracic duct enters bloodstream.

138
Q

Spleen (Lymphatic System)

A

Largest organ in lymphatic system; contains lymphocytes and filters blood.

139
Q

Pre-aortic & Para-aortic Nodes (Lymphatic System)

A

Pre-aortic nodes lie on aorta in abdomen and drain lymph from gut and digestive organs into lumbar lymph trunk on each side. Para-aortic nodes lie on each side of aorta and drain lymph from legs and posterior wall of abdomen.

140
Q

Lymphatics (Lymphatic System)

A

Valved vessels that transport lymph fluid around body.

141
Q

Parotid Gland (Digestive System)

A

Largest salivary gland.

142
Q

Sublingual Gland (Digestive System)

A

A salivary gland.

143
Q

Submandibular Gland (Digestive System)

A

A salivary gland.

144
Q

Esophagus (Digestive System)

A

Muscular tube that connects pharynx to stomach.

145
Q

Liver (Digestive System)

A

Produces bile and receives nutrients absorbed from gut.

146
Q

Gallbladder (Digestive System)

A

Stores bile for release into small intestine.

147
Q

Pancreas (Digestive System)

A

Produces hormones (including insulin) and secretes digestive enzymes into small intestines.

148
Q

Appendix (Digestive System)

A

Dead-end tube attached to first part of large intestine, with no significant function in humans.

149
Q

Anal Canal (Digestive System)

A

Carries feces from rectum to anus for expulsion from body.

150
Q

Epiglottis (Digestive System)

A

Cartilage flap that covers larynx when swallowing.

151
Q

Pharynx (Digestive System)

A

Connects mouth to esophagus.

152
Q

Stomach (Digestive System)

A

Expandable, muscular bag; secretes digestive juices and hydrochloric acid, which destroys harmful bacteria.

153
Q

Large Intestine (Digestive System)

A

Comprising cecum and colon, absorbs water from digested food.

154
Q

Small Intestine (Digestive System)

A

Major site of digestion and nutrient absorption, comprising duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

155
Q

Rectum (Digestive System)

A

Holding station for feces.

156
Q

Pineal Gland (Endocrine System)

A

Produces a number of hormones, including melatonin, which is important in the sleep-wake cycle.

157
Q

Hypothalamus (Endocrine System)

A

Cluster of nerve cells that serves as main link between nerves and hormones; produces regulatory hormones that travel to the pituitary.

158
Q

Pituitary Gland (Endocrine System)

A

Controls many endocrine glands.

159
Q

Parathyroid Glands (Endocrine System)

A

Four pea-sized glans at the back of thyroid gland help to regulate calcium levels in the body.

160
Q

Thyroid Gland (Endocrine System)

A

Controls metabolic rate, including maintenance of body weight, energy use, and heart rate; unlike other endocrine glands, can store its hormones.

161
Q

Suprarenal (Adrenal) Gland (Endocrine System)

A

Produces adrenaline.

162
Q

Pancreas (Endocrine System)

A

Contains cells that produce insulin and glucagon, which control glucose metabolism.

163
Q

Testis (Endocrine System)

A

Produces androgens (male sex hormones), including testosterone.

164
Q

Right Kidney (Urinary System)

A

Sits slightly lower than the left kidney, under the liver.

165
Q

Renal Veins (Urinary System)

A

Drains into the inferior vena cava.

166
Q

Prostate Gland (Urinary System)

A

Surrounds the first part of the male urethra.

167
Q

Urethra (Urinary System)

A

About 8 in (20 cm) long in males.

168
Q

Left Kidney (Urinary System)

A

Lies behind the stomach and spleen.

169
Q

Renal Arteries (Urinary System)

A

Branches from the abdominal aorta.

170
Q

Fallopian Tube (Reproductive System)

A

Collects eggs produced at ovulation and transports them to uterus, and is normal site of fertilization.

171
Q

Fondus of Uterus (Reproductive System)

A

Lies toward front of forward-angles uterus, at furthest point from opening.

172
Q

Cervix (Reproductive System)

A

Neck of uterus, projecting down into vagina.

173
Q

Vagina (Reproductive System)

A

Flexible muscular tube that expands to accommodate male penis and to allow passage of fetus during childbirth.

174
Q

Lactiferous Duct (Reproductive System)

A

Conveys milk from breast lobe to nipple.

175
Q

Nipple (Reproductive System)

A

Extends from centre of breast and contains lactiferous duct openings.

176
Q

Secretory Lobule (Reproductive System)

A

One of several small compartments within each breast lobe; composed of grapelike clusters of milk-secreting glands (alveoli).

177
Q

Fimbriae (Reproductive System)

A

Fingerlike projections forming a feathery end to each fallopian tube.

178
Q

Ovary (Reproductive System)

A

Female gonad, lying deep within pelvis.

179
Q

Vas Deferens (Reproductive System)

A

Carries sperm from testies to urethra.

180
Q

Seminal Vesicle (Reproductive System)

A

Contributes fluid to semen.

181
Q

Prostate Gland (Reproductive System)

A

Accessory gland at base of bladder; contributes some fluid to semen.

182
Q

Shaft of Penis (Reproductive System)

A

Consists of erectile tissue that engorges with blood during erection.

183
Q

Urethra (Reproductive System)

A

Conveys sperm and urine though penis.

184
Q

Epididymis (Reproductive System)

A

Coiled tube on back of testis where sperm are stored and mature.

185
Q

Glans Penis (Reproductive System)

A

Sensitive enlarged end of penis.

186
Q

Testis (Reproductive System)

A

Male gonad; hangs outside body in scrotum.

187
Q

Scrotum (Reproductive System)

A

Pouch of skin and muscle encasing testes.

Medical Studies : HSS1010 (7 decks)

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