desc path

Question 1

What areas of the cortex are important for motor system

Answer 1

motor cortex (M1), pre-motor cortex, supplementary motor area

Question 2

What is the pathway of corticospinal tract

Answer 2

cortex=> internal capsule=> ventral pones=> pyramids of medulla=> ventral spinal cord

Question 3

What is the point of decussation of corticospinal cord

Answer 3

lateral corticospinal=> inferior medulla, ventral corticospinal ipsilateral

Question 4

where dose the corticobulbar tract terminate

Answer 4

nuclei of CN

Question 5

what is the function of corticospinal tracts

Answer 5

voluntary, skilled, discreet movement

Question 6

what are the functions of vestibulospinal tract

Answer 6

innervation of anti-gravity muscles

Question 7

What is the function of tectospinal tract?

Answer 7

rapid response to visual/audio stimuli

Question 8

what is the function of reticulospinal tract

Answer 8

posture and rhythmic movement (locomotion) medullar => flexors, pontine => extensors

Question 9

what are the functions of rubrospinal tract

Answer 9

flexor tone in distal muscles

Question 10

which extrapyramidal tract decussate and where

Answer 10

rubrospinal => ventral tegmental region and tectospinal => dorsal tegmental region

Question 11

how is cerebellum connected to other parts of the brain

Answer 11

peduncles

Question 12

what are the 3 parts of cerebellum

Answer 12

Cerebrocerebellum, Spinocerebellum, Vestibulocerebellum

Question 13

what are the functions of vestibulocerebellum and what inputs does it receive

Answer 13

vestibular centre input=> ocular reflux and balance

Question 14

What are the functions of spinocerebellum

Answer 14

error correction based on sensory and motor stimuli

Question 15

What are the functions of Cerebrocerebellum

Answer 15

planning and learning involved in movement

Question 16

what are the signs of cerebellar disfunction

Answer 16

dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria (non-smooth movements) inability to learn new movements (require visual and so cerebral input for new movements), ataxic gait, ataxic dysarthric speech nystagmus, hypotonia

Question 17

What are the functions of basal ganglion

Answer 17

motor control, muscle tone, posture; control via thalamus

Question 18

List the components of basal ganglion

Answer 18

caudata nucleus, Globus pallidum, Substantia nigra (paras compact and reticulata) subthalamic nucleus, putamen

Question 19

What are the components of striatum and why is it important?

Answer 19

caudata nucleus and putamen => input portion of BG (from thalamus, cerebral cortex and substantia nigra )

Question 20

What are the two pathway that inhibit movement on BG level?

Answer 20

indirect and hypo-direct

Question 21

What part of BG regulates output from striatum

Answer 21

substantia nigra compacta

Question 22

what type of disorder is Parkinson’s disease what pathway does it affect

Answer 22

hypokinetic; nigrostriatal

Question 23

What are the neurotransmitter changes in Huntington’s disease

Answer 23

reduction in GABA a and Ach => loss of inhibitory pathway

Question 24

What is the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s

Answer 24

D1 damage of SNc reduces inhibition of GPI which increases inhibition on thalamus

Question 25

What are the symptoms of PD

Answer 25

pill-rolling trauma, hypertonia, bradykinesis, shuffling gate, mask face,