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Clin Path Dermatology > Dermatology lecture > Flashcards

Dermatology lecture Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis*

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2
Q

What is the function of the skin?

A 
Protection
Temperature Regulation
Fluid Regulation
Sensation
Some metabolic & immune function
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3
Q

What types of cells does the epidermis have?

A

Consists of ‘keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells’
Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans’ cells

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4
Q

Where is the Basal Membrane located?

A

between epidermis and dermis

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5
Q

What is Dermatitis ?

A

Inflammatory skin lesion

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of dermatitis?

A

Infective
Bacteria, viruses, fungi etc.

Non-specific
Eczematous dermatitis

Characteristic
e.g. Psoriatic, lichenoid

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7
Q

Infective dermatitis can be:

A
  • Bacterial
    Impetigo, folliculitis
  • Viral
    Herpes, HPV
  • Fungal
    Tinea
  • Parasitic
    Scabies
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8
Q

What is Non-specific Dermatitis commonly called?

A

eczema

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9
Q

What causes Eczema?

A

Atopic dermatitis (from childhood)

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10
Q

Describe the features of Acute Dermatitis

A

Red (erythema) and itchy (pruritus) due to inflammatory reaction and inflammatory mediators
Spongiosis (fluid accumulation between epidermal cells) leads to vesicle formation
Patients often scratch the vesicles leading to secondary trauma and infection leading to chronic eczema

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11
Q

Describe features of Chronic Dermatitis

A

Skin is thickened, cracked and scaly due to hyper keratinisation.
There is an increase in cells in the stratum spinosum (acanthosis) and the dermis shows increased fibrosis

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12
Q

What causes Prurigo Nodularis ?

A

Continued picking of chronic dermatitis leads to keratinised nodules and further thickening of the dermis

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13
Q

Describe features of Lichen Planus

A

by shiny, flat-topped, firm papules.
Purple in colour, often crossed by fine white lines
Normally on the front of the wrists, lower back, and ankles or on mucous membranes

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14
Q

What does Psoriasis look like?

A

Raised red plaques covered by white scale, often symmetrical

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15
Q

What is Impetigo (Bacterial)

A 
Large bullae (clear fluid) or pustules form
Pustules can rupture leaving honey coloured, crusted exudate
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16
Q

Who normally catches the impetigo bacterial infection?

A

Highly contagious, seen mostly in children

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17
Q

Bacterial Folliculitis…

A

Infection of hair follicles by bacteria
Produces tiny pustules
Can lead to destruction of hair follicle and formation of boil in severe cases

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18
Q

Erysipelas is….

A

Caused by Streptococcal infection
Acute inflammation of deep dermis and upper subcutaneous tissue
Most common on lower limbs or face
Shows swelling and erythema with well-defined border

19
Q

What type of tissue is involved in cellulitis?

A

Deep subcutaneous tissue and occasionally underlying fascia

20
Q

What can cellulitis lead to?

A

Necrosis of deep tissues of the skin

21
Q

What does Herpes Virus produce on the epidermis?

A

Blistering lesions

22
Q

What are the three types of Herpes?

A

Herpes simplex I (non-genital)
Herpes simplex II (genital herpes)
Herpes zoster-varicella (chicken pox/shingles)

23
Q

In shingles what part of the skin is involved?

A

Affects skin of corresponding dermatome

24
Q

What does a patient with shingles complain of?

A

Burning pain, tingling, extreme skin sensitivity and pruritus on corresponding dermatome

25
Q

What is shingles?

A

A Herpes zoster-varicella virus

Believed to be due to dormant virus in sensory dorsal root ganglia from childhood chickenpox

26
Q

What are the three major types of fungi (dermatophytes)

A

Trichophyton
Microsporum
Epidermophyton

27
Q

What is fungal skin diseases known as?

A

‘ringworm’ or ‘tinea’ – name depends on site infected

28
Q

Athletes foot is an example of what type of skin disease?

A

fungal

29
Q

Where do Basal Cell Carcinomas develop from?

A

keratinocytes in the basal layer

30
Q

Describe characteristics of BCC

A

Linked to increased UV exposure
Locally invasive – rarely metastasize
Lesions can ulcerate and erode deep into tissue – ‘Rodent Ulcer’

31
Q

What are the three main type of BCC?

A

Nodular
Morphoeic
Superficial

32
Q

Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma is:

A

Most common type of BCC
Occurs frequently in those over 50 years
Common areas are forehead and face
Presents as a firm, raised nodule
May show central ulceration with raised pearly edges
Composed of small dark cells resembling the basal layer of epidermis
Recurrent ulceration is common

33
Q

Morphoeic Basal Cell Carcinoma is:

A

Less Common
Is flat thickened yellowish or whitish plaques
Sunken or firm, with focal areas of ulceration.
Edges are indistinct and tumour may extend to the dermis and beyond the visible, palpable borders

34
Q

What does Morphoeic Basal Cell Carcinoma look like on a patient?

A

pale scar

35
Q

Superficial Basal Cell Carcinoma looks like

A

flat, red plaque with irregular edges

36
Q

Why is SBCC confused with dermatitis, psoriasis or tinea?

A

Grow rather broadly, and generally do not penetrate very deeply into the underlying dermis

37
Q

What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma ?

A

Tumour of the outer epidermis

38
Q

What is Intraepidermal SCC?

A

‘Bowen’s Disease’
Slowly enlarging erythematous plaque
Usually slight scaling and some crusting

39
Q

Describe Invasive SCC

A

Hardened nodule
Thick keratotic scale or hyperkeratosis
Can be eroded or ulcerated
Can express horny material from lesion

40
Q

What is the two stages of growth in melanoma?

A
  • Radial growth
    Remains in epidermis, no metastatic potential
  • Vertical growth
    Invades dermis, can metastasize through lymphatic or vascular invasion
41
Q

What are some warning signs of melanoma?

A

Asymmetry
Moles that, if divided in half, are not the same on both sides

Border
Moles with edges that are jagged or blurred

Colour
Moles that change colour or are multicoloured

Diameter
Moles that are greater than 6mm in diameter

Evolution
Moles that have changed size, shape, colour or elevation (rise above skin)

42
Q

What are some risk factors of melanoma?

A

Phenotype
Fair skin, blue eyes, red hair

Genetic risk factors
Personal or family history of melanoma or skin cancer

Presence of naevi
Especially presence of atypical naevi, many naevi and/or large congenital naevi

UV exposure
History of severe sunburn or intense intermittent sun exposure

Immunosuppression
Usually from other disease or medication

43
Q

What is Port-Wine stain?

A

A flat, purplish-red or pink area, generally on face or neck
Due to slow-growing malformation of capillaries
Rarely regresses, but may continue to grow throughout life

Clin Path Dermatology (6 decks)

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