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Dermatology > Dermatology - intro/pharmcology > Flashcards

Dermatology - intro/pharmcology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is found in the subcutaneous layer of skin (hypodermis)?

A

Fat energy store, insulation

Fibrous bands anchor skin to fascia

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2
Q

What is found in the dermis layer of skin?

A

Collagen and elastin matrix with mucopolysaccharide gel, fibroblasts, dermal dendritis cells, macrophages

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3
Q

What are the three cell types found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells

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4
Q

What do Langerhans cells do in the skin?

A

Process antigens and migrate to lymph nodes to induce an immune response

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5
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis (superficial -> deep)?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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6
Q

What are the three phases of the hair cycle?

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

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7
Q

What is the active growing phase of the hair cycle?

A

Anagen

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8
Q

What is the resting phase of the hair cycle?

A

Telogen

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9
Q

What are the main functions of the skin?

A 
Thermoregulation
Skin immune system
Barrier e.g. mechanical, chemical, UV light, keeping water in
Sensation
Vitamin D synthesis
Interpersonal communication
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10
Q

What are examples of external reasons for skin disease?

A 
Temperature: cold injury, cold urticaria
Photosensitivity: medications, sensitive to UVA/UVB/visible light
Trauma
Chemical
Infection
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11
Q

What are examples of internal reasons for skin disease?

A

Genetic
Drug reaction
Autoimmune

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12
Q

How would you describe a small skin lesion?

A

Macule

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13
Q

How would you describe a large skin lesion?

A

Patch

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14
Q

How would you describe a small raised area of skin?

A

Papule

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15
Q

How would you describe a large raised area of skin?

A

Plaque

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16
Q

How would you describe a small fluid filled skin lesion?

A

Vesicle

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17
Q

How would you describe a large fluid filled skin lesion?

A

Bulla

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18
Q

How would you describe a small pus filled skin lesion?

A

Pustule

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19
Q

How would you describe a large pus filled skin lesion?

A

Abscess

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20
Q

How would you describe the loss of epidermis?

A

Erosion

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21
Q

How would you describe the loss of epidermis and dermis?

A

Ulcer

22
Q

Which layers of skin have been lost if there is an ulcer?

A

Epidermis and dermis

23
Q

What is eruptive xanthoma associated with?

A

Hyperlipidaemia

24
Q

What diseases/conditions is acanthuses nigricans associated with?

A

Diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance

25
Q

Which disease is pretibial myxoedema associated with?

A

Grave’s disease

26
Q

What investigation would you do if a bacterial infection was suspected?

A

Charcoal swab

MC&S

27
Q

What does MC&S stand for?

A

Microscopy, culture and sensitives

28
Q

What investigation would you do if a viral infection was suspected?

A

Viral swab for PCR

29
Q

What investigation would you do if a fungal infection was suspected?

A

Skin scraping/nail clipping/hair sample

Fungal cultures

30
Q

What is the method called to take a skin biopsy?

A

Punch biopsy

31
Q

What do unlicensed medicines mean?

A

Not approved for use in UK

32
Q

What do ‘off label’ medications mean?

A

A licensed medication that is being used for an unlicensed indication

33
Q

What does ‘specials’ medication mean?

A

Unlicensed dermatological preparations

Long history of use, no strong evidence base but clinically effective e.g. coal tar

34
Q

What does pharmokinetics mean?

A

Effect of the body on the drug

35
Q

What does pharmodynamics mean?

A

Effect of the drug on the body

36
Q

What is a medication vehicle and give some examples?

A

Pharmacologically inert, physically and chemically stable substance that carries the active drug
E.g. solution, cream, lotion, gel, ointment, paint, shampoo

37
Q

What factors affect drug absorption?

A 
Concentration
Base/vehicle
Chemical properties of the drug
Thickness and hydration of stratum corneum
Temperature
Skin site
Occlusion
38
Q

What do topical steroids do?

A

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties
Regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines
Suppress fibroblast, endothelial and leukocyte function
Vasoconstriction
Inhibit vascular permeability

39
Q

How much is a finger tip unit approximately?

A

0.5g

40
Q

What are some side effects of topical steroids?

A

Thinning/atrophy, striae, bruising, hirsutism, telangiectasia, acne/rosacea/perioral dermatitis, glaucoma, systemic absorption, cataracts

41
Q

What is telangiectasia?

A

Widened venules cause threadlike red lines or patterns on the skin

42
Q

What are some examples of systemic treatments in dermatology?

A

Retinoids
Traditional immunosuppressants
Biologics

43
Q

What are retinoids and how do they work?

A

Vitamin A analogues:
Normalise keratinocyte function
Anti inflammatory and anti cancer effects

44
Q

What is a retinoid used in acne?

A

Isotretinoin

45
Q

What is a retinoid used in psoriasis?

A

Acitretin

46
Q

What are the side effects of retinoids?

A

Teratogenic
Cheilitis (dry lips), xerosis (dry skin)
Increase in transaminases and triglycerides
Rarely psychiatric, eye, bone SE

47
Q

What are immunosuppressants used for in dermatology?

A

Treatment of inflammatory skin disorders

48
Q

What are examples of immunosuppressants?

A 
Oral steroids
Azathioprine
Ciclosporin
Methotrexate
Mycophenolate mofetil
49
Q

What are the risks with immunosuppresants?

A

Risk of malignancy and serious infection

Need regularly blood monitoring: FBC, renal and liver function

50
Q

What are biologics?

A

Genetically engineered proteins derived from human genes designed to inhibit specific components of the immune system

51
Q

How do biologics ususally end?

A
  • cept

- mab

52
Q

What are the risks with biologics?

A

Risk of infection
Risk of malignancy
Risk of demyelination - TNF inhibitors

Dermatology (9 decks)

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