Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 4 > Derm > Flashcards

Derm Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are papules ?
A
  • Small, red, inflamed bumps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. What are pustules
A
  • Papules (small, red inflamed bumps) with pus in them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. How would you describe an acne rash ?
A
  • Papules and pustules
  • Comedones
  • Excessive inflammation may result in icepick and hypertrophic scars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. How is mild to moderate acne managed ?
A
  • Fixed combination of topical adapalene with topical benzoyl peroxide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. How is moderate to severe acne managed ?
A
  • Fixed combination of adapalene with benzoyl peroxide with oral lymecycline or doxycycline
  • COCP can be used instead of oral Abx in women
  • Oral isotretinoin can be used only under specialist supervision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. What is acne fulminans ?
A
  • Very severe acne associated with systemic upset
  • Hospital admission is required and condition usually responds to steroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. How do arterial ulcers typically present ?
A
  • Occur on toe or heel
  • Typically ‘deep punched out’ appearance
  • Painful
  • Cold with no palpable pulse
  • Low ABPI measurement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. How are arterial ulcers managed ?
A
  • Urgent referral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. What differentiates arterial ulcers ?
A
  • Arterial = toe or foot
  • Smaller and deeper
  • Well defined borders
  • Punched out appearance
  • Pale and cold due to blood supply
  • Painful and less likely to bleed
  • Pain worse at night on elevation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. What differentiates venous ulcers ?
A
  • Gaiter area (top of foot and bottom of calf muscle)
  • Chronic venous changes such as hyperpigmentation and venous eczema
  • Larger, more superficial and irregular
  • More likely to bleed
  • Less painful
  • Relieved on elevation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. How are venous ulcers managed ?
A
  • Vascular surgery where mixed or arterial ulcers are suspected
  • Tissue viability / specialist leg ulcer clinics in complex or non-healing ulcers
  • Dermatology where an alternative diagnosis is suspected, such as skin cancer
  • Pain clinics if the pain is difficult to manage
  • Diabetic ulcer services (for patients with diabetic ulcers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. What is involved in good wound care ?
A
  • Cleaning the wound
  • Debridement (removing dead tissue)
  • Dressing the wound
  • Compression therapy is used to treat venous ulcers (after arterial disease is excluded with an ABPI).
  • Pentoxifylline (taken orally) can improve healing in venous ulcers (but is not licensed).
  • Antibiotics are used to treat infection.
  • Analgesia is used to manage pain (avoid NSAIDs as they can worsen the condition).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. How would you describe eczema ?
A
  • Pruritus
  • Erythema
  • Skin lesions
  • Acute lesions: Characterised by erythematous papules or vesicles that may coalesce into larger plaques with serous exudate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. How are eczema flares managed ?
A
  • Thicker emollients
  • Topical steroids
  • Wet wraps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. How does eczema herpeticum present ?
A
  • Commonly seen in children with atopic eczema and often presenting as a rapidly progressing painful rash
  • Monomorphic punched-out erosions (circular, depressed, ulcerated lesions) usually 1-3 mm in diameter are typically seen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. How is eczema herpeticum managed ?
A
  • This is a potentially life-threatening and children should be admitted for IV aciclovir
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. Describe basal cell carcinomas
A
  • ‘rodent’ ulcers
  • Slow growth and local invasion
  • Many types – most common is nodular BCC
  • Sun-exposed sites – especially the head and neck account for the majority of lesions
  • Initially a pearly, flesh-colored papule with telangiectasia
  • May later ulcerate leaving a central ‘crater’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. Where do basal cell carcinomas typically develop ?
A
  • Sun exposed sights – especially the head and neck account for the majority of lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. How are basal cell carcinomas managed ?
A
  • Routine referral
  • Surgical removal
  • Curettage
  • Cryotherapy
  • Topical cream: imiquimod, fluorouracil
  • Radiotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. How do superficial epidermal burns present ?
A
  • Red and painful
  • No blisters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  1. How do partial thickness (superficial dermal) burns present ?
A
  • Pale pink
  • Painful
  • Blisters
  • Slow cap refill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do partial thickness (deep dermal) burns present ?

A
  • Typically white but may have patches of non-blanching erythema
  • Reduced sensation, painful to deep pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  1. How do full thickness burns present ?
A
  • White (waxy)/brown (leathery)/ black in colour
  • No blisters
  • No pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  1. When to refer a burn to secondary care ?
A
  • All deep dermal and full-thickness burns.
  • Superficial dermal burns of more than 3% TBSA in adults, or more than 2% TBSA in children
  • Superficial dermal burns involving the face, hands, feet, perineum, genitalia, or any flexure, or circumferential burns of the limbs, torso, or neck
  • Any inhalation injury
  • Any electrical or chemical burn injury
  • Suspicion of non-accidental injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  1. What is the MCC of cellulitis ?
A
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Less common staph aureus
26
Q
  1. Cellulitis presentation
A
  • Erythema  Well defined margins but some cases may present with diffuse erythema
  • Blisters and bullae may be seen with more severe disease
  • Swelling
  • Systemic upset – Fever, Malaise and Nausea
27
Q
  1. What are the 2 types of contact dermatitis ?
A
  • Irritant contact dermatitis – due to weak acids or alkalis. Often seen on hands – erythema, crusting and vesicles are rare
  • Allergic contact dermatitis – type IV hypersensitivity reaction – hair dyes – acute weeping eczema which responds to topical potent steroid treatment
28
Q
  1. RFs for malignant melanoma
A
  • History of skin cancer, melanoma, or atypical naevi
  • Family history of melanoma
  • Pale skin (Fitzpatrick skin type I and II)
  • Red or light-coloured hair
  • High freckle density
  • Light coloured eyes
  • History of sunburn
  • Sun exposure or tanning bed exposure
  • Large amounts of moles
  • Increasing age
  • Immunosuppression
  • Outdoor occupation
  • Genetic syndromes with skin cancer predisposition (for example, xeroderma pigmentosum)
29
Q
  1. Types of malignant melanoma
A
  • Superficial spreading
  • Nodular
  • Lentigo Maligna
  • Acral lentiginous
30
Q

How does Superficial spreading malignant melanoma present ?

A
  • 70% of cases
  • Arms, legs, back and chest
  • Common in young
  • Appearance: a growing mole(s)
31
Q
  1. How does Nodular malignant melanoma present ?
A
  • 2nd most common
  • Typically affects: sun exposed skin, middle-age people
  • Appearance: red or black lump which bleeds or oozes
32
Q
  1. How does Lentigo Maligna malignant melanoma present ?
A
  • Less common
  • Typically affects: chronically sun-exposed skin and older people
  • Appearance: a growing mole
33
Q
  1. How does Acral lentiginous malignant melanoma present ?
A
  • Rare
  • Nails, palms or soles
  • Common in people with darker skin pigmentation
  • Subungual pigmentation (Hutchinson’s sign or on palms or feet)
34
Q
  1. What is the ABCDE criteria of assessing skin lesions ?
A
  • A – asymmetrical shape
  • B – border irregularity, including poorly defined margins
  • C – colour change and variation
  • D – diameter of the mole (most melanomas are >6mm)
  • E – evolving (such as changing in size, shape and colour)
35
Q
  1. Management of malignant melanoma ?
A
  • Suspicious lesions should undergo excision biopsy
  • Once diagnosis is confirmed the pathology report should be reviewed to determine whether further re-excision of margins is required
36
Q
  1. Key DDs for malignant melanoma ?
A
  • Benign naevus
  • Lentigines
  • Seborrhoeic keratoses
  • Dermatofibroma
  • Pigmented BCC
37
Q
  1. How do malignant melanoma typically present ?
A
  • Asymmetrical
  • Irregular borders
  • 2 or more colors – pink/grey/white in a brown lesion increased chance of malignancy
  • Malignancy is more likely to be in lesions over 6mm in diameter
  • Evolution – quick growth and rapid appearance change are concerning
38
Q
  1. How does seborrheic keratoses present ?
A
  • Benign epidermal skin lesions seen in older people
  • Large variation in colour from flesh to light-brown to black
  • Stuck on appearance
  • Keratotic plugs may be seen on the surface
39
Q
  1. Management of seborrheic keratoses ?
A
  • Reassurance about benign nature of the lesion is an options
40
Q
  1. What are RFs for pressure ulcers ?
A
  • Malnourishment
  • Incontinence: urinary and faecal
  • Lack of mobility
  • Pain
41
Q
  1. How are pressure ulcers classified ?
A
  • Waterlow score
42
Q
  1. How does psoriasis present ?
A
  • Raised red, scaly patches on the skin
43
Q
  1. What are subtypes of psoriasis ?
A
  • Plaque psoriasis
  • Flexural psoriasis
  • Guttate psoriasis
  • Pustular psoriasis
44
Q
  1. How does plaque psoriasis present ?
A
  • The most common sub-type resulting in the typical well-demarcated red, scaly patches affecting the extensor surfaces, sacrum and scalp
45
Q
  1. How does guttate psoriasis present ?
A
  • Transient psoriatic rash frequently triggered by a streptococcal infection. Multiple red, teardrop lesions appear on the body
46
Q
  1. How does pustular psoriasis present ?
A
  • Commonly occurs on the palms and soles
47
Q
  1. How does flexural psoriasis present ?
A
  • In contrast to plaque psoriasis the skin is smooth
48
Q
  1. What can exacerbate psoriasis ?
A
  • Trauma
  • Alcohol
  • Drugs e.g. BB, lithium NSAIDs, ACE-I etc
  • Withdrawal of systemic steroids
  • Streptococcal infection may trigger guttate psoriasis.
49
Q
  1. GP management of plaque psoriasis
A
  • Regular emollients may help to reduce scale loss and reduce pruritus
  • 1st line: NICE recommend: a potent corticosteroid applied once daily plus vitamin D analogue applied once daily for up to 4 weeks
  • 2nd line: if no improvement after 8 weeks then offer: a vitamin D analogue twice daily
  • 3rd-line: if no improvement after 8-12 weeks then offer either: a potent corticosteroid applied twice daily for up to 4 weeks, or a coal tar preparation applied once or twice daily
  • Short-acting dithranol can also be used
  • Secondary care
50
Q
  1. Secondary care management of plaque psoriasis
A
  • Phototherapy - Adverse effects: skin ageing, squamous cell cancer (not melanoma)
  • Systemic therapy:
  • Oral methotrexate is used first-line. It is particularly useful if there is associated joint disease
  • Ciclosporin
  • Systemic retinoids
  • Biological agents: infliximab
51
Q
  1. What are features of Squamous cell carcinoma ?
A
  • The most common variant of skin cancer
  • Typically on sun-exposed sites such as the head, neck or dorsum of the hands and arms
  • Rapidly expanding, painless ulcerate nodules
  • May have a cauliflower-like appearance
  • May be areas of bleeding
52
Q
  1. Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma ?
A
  • Excessive exposure to sunlight/psoralen UVA therapy
  • Actinic keratoses and Bowen’s disease
  • Immunosuppression e.g. following renal transplant, HIV
  • Smoking
  • Long-standing leg ulcers (Marjolin’s ulcer)
  • Genetic conditions e.g. xerpderma pigmentosum
53
Q
  1. Management of squamous cell carcinoma
A
  • Surgical excision within 4mm margins if lesion < 20 mm in diameter
  • If tumour > 20mm then margins should be 6 mm
54
Q
  1. Good prognosis for a squamous cell carcinoma ?
A
  • Well differentiated tumours
  • < 20mm in diameter
  • < 2mm deep
  • No associated disease
55
Q
  1. Poor prognostic indicators for a squamous cell carcinoma ?
A
  • Poorly differentiated tumour
  • > 20 mm in diameter
  • > 4mm deep
  • Immunosuppression for whatever reason
56
Q
  1. What is urticaria ?
A
  • Local or generalised superficial swelling of the skin
  • The MCC is allergy although non-allergic causes are seen
57
Q
  1. How does urticaria present ?
A
  • Pale, pink raised skin
  • Described as ‘hives’ ‘wheals’ ‘nettle rash’
  • Pruritic
58
Q
  1. How is urticaria managed ?
A
  • Non-sedating antihistamines e.g. loratadine or cetirizine 1st line
  • These should be continued for up to 6 weeks
  • Sedating anti-histamine e.g. chlorphenamine may be used in addition and for troublesome sleep symptoms
  • Prednisolone is used for severe or resistant episodes
59
Q
  1. What is a dermatofibroma ?
A
  • DD of malignant myeloma
  • Common benign fibrous skin lesions
  • Caused by abnormal growth of dermal dendritic histocyte cells, often following a precipitating injury
60
Q
  1. What are common features of a dermatofibroma ?
A
  • Solitary firm papule or nodule, typically on a limb
  • Typically around 5-10mm in size
  • Overlying skin dimples on pinching the lesion
61
Q
  1. What is Erythema Nodsoum ?
A
  • Inflammation of the subcutaneous fat
  • Typically causing tender, erythematous, nodular lesions
  • Usually occurs over shins but may occur elsewhere e.g. forearms or thighs
  • Usually resolves within 6 weeks lesions healing without scarring
62
Q
  1. What can cause erythema Nodsoum ?
A
  • Infection
  • Streptococci
  • Tuberculosis
  • Brucellosis
  • Systemic disease
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Behcet’s
  • Malignancy/lymphoma
  • Drugs
  • Penicillins
  • Sulphonamides
  • combined oral contraceptive pill
  • Pregnancy

Phase 4 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions