Depressive Disorders Flashcards
mood disorders
characterized by prolonged and marked distuebances in mood that affect how people feel, what they believe/expect, how they think/talk, and how they interact with others
3 types of mood episodes
- major depressive
- manic
- hypomanic
symptoms of a major depressive episode
- 2 weeks +
- depressed mood (prototypical)
- diminished interest/pleasure (prototypical)
- change in weight/appetite
- sleep disturbance
- fatiuge/loss of energy
- feelings of worthlessness or guilt
- difficulty concentrating
- suicidal ideation
symptoms of major depressive disorder
- 2 weeks +
- 5 or more major depressive episode symptoms with at least one being prototypical
- no history of mania or hypomania
- must distinguish between single episode or recurring episodes
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) symptoms
- 2 years +
- depressed mood
- two or more: appetite change, sleep change, low energy, low self-esteem, concentration difficulties, hopelessness
- no history of mania or hypomania
double depression
having a diagnosis of both major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
biological factors
- low activity in frontal lobe and amygdala (emotion center)
- low levels of serotonin, which in turn affects dopamine and norepinephrine
- high levels of cortisol
- genetic predisposition
psychological factors
- poor coping mechanisms
- learned helplessness
- attention bias toward negative stimulus
- distorted perceptions of the world, self, or future
- negative attributional style
characteristics of a negative attributional style
- ruminates on negative feelings
- global: everything is bad
- internal: caused by self
- stable: things are always bad
social factors
- interactions with others who have strong negative emotions
- non-secure attachment style
- social stressors
- culture
potential reasons for women to be diagnosed twice as often
- socialized to express emotions more freely
- coping styles are focused on emotions, leading to rumination
- more likely to report symptoms
treatment
- CBT and interpersonal therapy
- antidepressant medications
- electroconvulsive therapy
tricyclic medications
effective but have fatal side effects and the overdose risk is high
MAOI medications
inhibit monamines from being broken down; effective but have severe interactions with other medications and certain foods that can cause death
SSRI, SNRI, and NaSSA medications
treatment of choice; effective and lack any fatal side effects; can cause dry mouth and lower libido
electroconvulsive therapy
triggers a seizure that releases several neurotransmitters, providing immediate relief; effective for 50% of patients who do not respond to medication
psychomotor agitation
inability to sit still, evidenced by pacing, hand wringing, or rubbing/pulling the skin, clothes, or other objects
psychomotor retardation
slowing of motor function indicated by slowed bodily movements and speech and lower volume, variety, or amount of speech
vegetative signs of depression
psychomotor retardation, changes in appetite/weight, and changes in sleep
behavioral changes associated with depressed mood
- negative comments
- less eye contact
- less responsive
- soft spoken
- speak in short sentences
typical depression
insomnia, weight loss, poor mood throughout the day
atypical depression
hypersomnia, weight gain, brighter mood in response to positive events
seasonal affective disorder
variant of major depressive disorder that is characterized by recurrent depressive episodes beginning in autumn and continuing through the winter, with symptoms disappearing or lightening in the summer
negative triad of depression
having overly negative cognitive distortions about the world, the self, and the future
interpersonal therapy
improves patient’s skills in relationships so that they become more satisfying
mood disorder continuum
depression –> mania
unipolar = only one end activates, bipolar = both ends activate
