Depression&Bipolar - Extra

Question 1

Disproportionally high incidence of bipolar for creative people. [ General population 1% VS. Award-winning British writers 38% ]

Answer 1

Jamison, 1989

Question 2

Women have Learned helplessness due to acceptance of traditional female gender role.

Answer 2

Cochrane, 1995

Question 3

The self-fulfilling prophecy is, in the beginning, a false definition of the situation evoking a new behavior which makes the original false conception come true. This specious validity of the self-fulfilling prophecy perpetuates a reign of error. For the prophet will cite the actual course of events as proof that he was right from the very beginning

Answer 3

Merton, 1948

Question 4

Higher average concordance rate for Bipolar in identical twins than in non-identical twins. 72% Vs. 14%.

Answer 4

Allen, 1976

Question 5

Several genes may play a role, one on C11 and one on CX and maybe others.

Answer 5

Baron, 1987

Question 6

Summer depression and Winter depression

Answer 6

Wurtman, 1989

Question 7

Helpless attitude may be a symptom not the cause. [ People who were formerly depressed are actually not different from people who have never been depressed in terms of helplessness/negative attributional style ]

Answer 7

Barnett, 1988

Question 8

Increased accessibility of negative thoughts after an initial shift in mood may explain why some people suffer persistent rather than transient depression.

Answer 8

Teasdale’s 1988 /Differential Activation Hypothesis

Question 9

alternating dominance of personality by the superego and ego /- Flood the individual with exaggerated ideas of wrong-doings /- Defending by rebounding and asserting supremacy

Answer 9

Freud, Psychodynamic/ Bipolar

Question 10

Experience Loss > Evoked anger > turned inward on self (outward unacceptable due to superego) > creates guilt, unworthiness, despair

Answer 10

Freud, Psychodynamic/ Unipolar

Question 11

REBT and antidepressants/DRUGS are equally effective in relieving symptoms of depression

Answer 11

Iftene et al., 2015

Question 12

Cognitive Reconstructing can reduce symptoms of depression in people who fail to respond to antidepressants.

Answer 12

Wiles et al., 2013

Question 13

Overgeneralization /cognitive distortion

Answer 13

View a negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat.

Question 14

Mental Filter /cognitive distortion

Answer 14

Dwell on the negative and ignores the positives.

Question 15

Emotional Reasoning /cognitive distortion

Answer 15

Reason from how you feel. “I feel like an idiot, so I must really be one.”

Question 16

Identify the Distortion /untwist distortion

Answer 16

Write down the negative thoughts and how fit it into the 10 cognitive distortions. You may then be able to think about the original problem in a positive and realistic way.

Question 17

Define Terms /untwist distortion

Answer 17

When you think of yourself as a loser or etc, ask yourself, “What exactly qualifies yourself as a loser?” And realize that you are no such loser.

Question 18

The Double-Standard Method /untwist distortion

Answer 18

Talk to yourself in a compassionate way as you would do to your friend instead of simply harshly condemning yourself.

Question 19

Emotional processing can occur before cognitive processing and therefore emotions might be controlling cognitions rather than the other way around. This means that becks cognitive theory is incomplete as it needs to accomate the influence of emotions.

Answer 19

Gotlib, 2010 /Beck - Validity of his theory