Depression & Bipolar Flashcards
Reference within Syllabus
Depression is the common cold of mental illness.
Seligman, 1973
Clinical depression is persistent low mood for at least 2 weeks. A WISE ECA
Spitzer, 1981. Attention, Worth, Irrational thoughts, Sleep ,Eat, Energy, Cry, Avoidance.
Women are 2-3 times more likely to become clinically depressed
Hargreaves, 1995
BDI is highly reliable(consistent) and valid(accurate) and generalizable. [ It could be effectively used for assessing depression in Pakistan. ]
AA Khan, 2015
Genetic influence of depression, 46% for MZ, 20% for DZ
McGuffin, 1996
The polymorphism of serotonin genes could be responsible for an increased risk of developing bipolar disorder in female only.
Oruc et al., 1997
38% of ppts who has FDR(health record) depress, much higher then the 7% for random. Implying genetic Link and possible inheritance of Depression.
Oruc et al., 1997
“An individual’s emotional response to an event or experience is determined by the conscious meaning placed on it.”
Incorrect information processing （irrational belief） is the underlying process for the individual’s low mood and physiological symptoms.
Beck,1979
Negative events activate COGNITIVE DISTORTION, creating negative bias towards new events.
Beck,1979
Individual is not directly affected by outside things but rather by their own perception of external things.
Stoicism
Depression is a direct result of a real or perceived lack of control over the outcome of one’s situation.
Seligman et al., 1988 /Learned Helplessness
One grows up and develop particular thinking patterns about oneself or the world. If negative - Depression
Abramson et al., 1978/ Negative Attributional Style
One grows up and develop particular thinking patterns about oneself or the world. If negative - Depression
Seligman et al., 1988 /Attribution style
MAOIs - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Phenelzine, 15mg, three times a day, stop breakdown of Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
MAOIs’ side effects:
Headaches, drowsiness
Insomnia, nausea, diarrhea, and constipation
SSRI - Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Prozac, 20-60 mg per day
Electro-conclusive Theory - ETC - has 50% reduction(significant) rate for both. // Short term, High replies rate.
Dierckx et al., 2012
The two antidepressants impact far more noticeable in moderate/severe patients and less with mild depression.
Fournier et al., 2010
Reoccurrence of symptoms necessitate further treatments (ECT)
Jelovac et al., 2013
Individuals must begin to see that the consequences (c) they experience are only PARTLY a result (a). They must then accept that holding onto negative and self-defeating beliefs (b) is a destructive tendency. The belief can be changed by disputing and replacing them with healtheir thoughs.
Ellis, 1962 (REBT)
Individuals getting REBT showed significant improvement over other therapies and control groups.
Lyons and Woods, 1991
Cognitive restructuring. EIRCRE
Beck, 1979 /Explain, Identify, Record, Discuss(challenge), Reattribute(pos), Employ
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)
“Whatever setbacks befall them, they can choose how they think and feel about it.”
Ellis, 1962 A- activating event. B- Beliefs about event. C- consequence: emotional and behavioral responses. D- Dispute the beliefs.
Depressive People have more negative thoughts than non-depressive people.
Gotlib and Hammen /For arguing the validity of Beck’s cognitive Explanation.
