Depression & Bipolar

Question 1

Depression is the common cold of mental illness.

Answer 1

Seligman, 1973

Question 2

Clinical depression is persistent low mood for at least 2 weeks. A WISE ECA

Answer 2

Spitzer, 1981. Attention, Worth, Irrational thoughts, Sleep ,Eat, Energy, Cry, Avoidance.

Question 3

Women are 2-3 times more likely to become clinically depressed

Answer 3

Hargreaves, 1995

Question 4

BDI is highly reliable(consistent) and valid(accurate) and generalizable. [ It could be effectively used for assessing depression in Pakistan. ]

Answer 4

AA Khan, 2015

Question 5

Genetic influence of depression, 46% for MZ, 20% for DZ

Answer 5

McGuffin, 1996

Question 6

The polymorphism of serotonin genes could be responsible for an increased risk of developing bipolar disorder in female only.

Answer 6

Oruc et al., 1997

Question 7

38% of ppts who has FDR(health record) depress, much higher then the 7% for random. Implying genetic Link and possible inheritance of Depression.

Answer 7

Oruc et al., 1997

Question 8

“An individual’s emotional response to an event or experience is determined by the conscious meaning placed on it.”

Incorrect information processing （irrational belief） is the underlying process for the individual’s low mood and physiological symptoms.

Answer 8

Beck,1979

Question 9

Negative events activate COGNITIVE DISTORTION, creating negative bias towards new events.

Answer 9

Beck,1979

Question 10

Individual is not directly affected by outside things but rather by their own perception of external things.

Answer 10

Stoicism

Question 11

Depression is a direct result of a real or perceived lack of control over the outcome of one’s situation.

Answer 11

Seligman et al., 1988 /Learned Helplessness

Question 12

One grows up and develop particular thinking patterns about oneself or the world. If negative - Depression

Answer 12

Abramson et al., 1978/ Negative Attributional Style

Question 13

One grows up and develop particular thinking patterns about oneself or the world. If negative - Depression

Answer 13

Seligman et al., 1988 /Attribution style

Question 14

MAOIs - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Answer 14

Phenelzine, 15mg, three times a day, stop breakdown of Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.

Question 15

MAOIs’ side effects:

Answer 15

Headaches, drowsiness

Insomnia, nausea, diarrhea, and constipation

Question 16

SSRI - Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Answer 16

Prozac, 20-60 mg per day

Question 17

Electro-conclusive Theory - ETC - has 50% reduction(significant) rate for both. // Short term, High replies rate.

Answer 17

Dierckx et al., 2012

Question 18

The two antidepressants impact far more noticeable in moderate/severe patients and less with mild depression.

Answer 18

Fournier et al., 2010

Question 19

Reoccurrence of symptoms necessitate further treatments (ECT)

Answer 19

Jelovac et al., 2013

Question 20

Individuals must begin to see that the consequences (c) they experience are only PARTLY a result (a). They must then accept that holding onto negative and self-defeating beliefs (b) is a destructive tendency. The belief can be changed by disputing and replacing them with healtheir thoughs.

Answer 20

Ellis, 1962 (REBT)

Question 21

Individuals getting REBT showed significant improvement over other therapies and control groups.

Answer 21

Lyons and Woods, 1991

Question 22

Cognitive restructuring. EIRCRE

Answer 22

Beck, 1979 /Explain, Identify, Record, Discuss(challenge), Reattribute(pos), Employ

Question 23

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

“Whatever setbacks befall them, they can choose how they think and feel about it.”

Answer 23

Ellis, 1962 A- activating event. B- Beliefs about event. C- consequence: emotional and behavioral responses. D- Dispute the beliefs.

Question 24

Depressive People have more negative thoughts than non-depressive people.

Answer 24

Gotlib and Hammen /For arguing the validity of Beck’s cognitive Explanation.

Question 25

Helpless attitude may be a symptom not the cause.

Answer 25

Gotlib and Hammen /For arguing the validity of Seligman’s Learned Helplessness