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People and Illness > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an organic disorder?

A

A change in mental function secondary to a physical process rather than a psychiatric disorder

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2
Q

What is psychosis?

A

Altered relationship with reality

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3
Q

What is a delusion?

A

Fixed false belief,
held despite evidence to the contrary
outwit sociocultural norms

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4
Q

What is a hallucination?

A

Sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli

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5
Q

What is an illusion?

A

Misperception of real external stimuli

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6
Q

How is mood different from affect?

A

Mood is a subjective feeling of sustained emotion

affect is an objective immediate conveyance of emotion

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7
Q

What is the term for a normal mood?

A

Euthymia

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8
Q

What is the term for a significantly high mood?

A

Mania

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9
Q

There is a large genetic component to depression. T/F?

A

True

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10
Q

What comorbidities are associated with depression?

A

Thyroid dysfunction

schizophrenia

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11
Q

Depression is the result of neurochemical imbalances where there is a decrease in which neurotransmitters?

A

5HT
NA
DA

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12
Q

What evidence is there to support the theory that depression is caused by decrease 5HT, NA and DA?

A

There are decreased levels of metabolites of these neurotransmitters in CSF in people with depression
The mechanism of action go antidepressants
Neurochemical clockers can induce depression

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13
Q

What psychological factors can increase the likelihood of developing depression?

A

Personality traits - anxiety, obsessive
personality disorders
coping skills
adverse life events

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14
Q

What social factors can increase the likelihood of developing depression?

A

Poor Social support
socioeconomic disadvantage
northernisation

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15
Q

What is the definition of depression?

A

A low mood possibly alongside anhedonia and fatigue which occurs every day for two weeks or more

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16
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Loss of pleasure and joy

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17
Q

What are the physical/clinical presentations of depression?

A 
Insomnia
reduced appetite
weight loss
decreased libido
constipation
amenorrhoea
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18
Q

How can depression affect cognition/thinking?

A 
decreased concentration
slow or negative thinking
guilt
loss of self esteem
hopelessness
suicidality
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19
Q

Psychosis as a result of depression is mood congruent. T/F?

A

True

20
Q

What can be involved in psychosis as a result of depression?

A

Delusions of guilt, poverty, hypochondriasis and persecutory

21
Q

What is Cotard’s syndrome?

A

The belief that the self or part of the self is dead

22
Q

What type of hallucinations may occur in depression?

A

Auditory second person delusions

23
Q

What are the secondary complications or sequelae of depression?

A 
recurrent depressive disorders
substance misuse
anxiety
suicide
cardiovascular disease
24
Q

What are the differential diagnoses of depression?

A 
Dysthymia
Cyclothymia
Atypical depression
Adjustment reactions
grief
25
Q

What is atypical depression?

A

Decreased mood with reversed associated symptoms

26
Q

What is bereavement?

A

A loss event (usually death)

27
Q

What is grief?

A

The feelings, thoughts and behaviour associated with bereavement

28
Q

What are the five stages of grief?

A

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

29
Q

When can grief be considered abnormal?

A

When it is intense, prolonged (>6months), delayed or absent

30
Q

What is involved in the diagnosis of depression?

A 
Clear clinical history
risk assessment
mental state exam
physical exam
baseline bloods
31
Q

What is involved in a mental state examination?

A

Assessment of appearance, behaviour, speech, eye contact, mood, thought, perceptions, cognition and insight

32
Q

What class of drugs are the first line treatment for depression?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

33
Q

Give an example of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

A 
Citalopram
fluoxetine
duloxetine
modafinil 
sertraline
34
Q

What are the side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

A 
Nausea
vomiting
weight gain
dizziness
discontinuation syndrome
anxiety
suicidality
mania
serotonin syndrome
cardiac effects
35
Q

How long does it take for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to have an effect on depression?

A

4-5 weeks

36
Q

Give an example of a tricyclic antidepressant

A

Amitiptyline

37
Q

What are the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Decreased blood pressure
anticholinergic effects
arrhythmia

38
Q

Give an example of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor

A

Isocarboxid

Phenelzine

39
Q

What side effect occurs when cheese is consumed when using a monoamine oxidase inhibitor?

A

Hypertensive crisis

40
Q

What is involved in electroconvulsive therapy?

A

Induction of a controlled seizure under anaesthesia

41
Q

What is a side effect of electroconvulsive therapy?

A

memory loss

42
Q

Other than ECT and pharmacology, how can depression be treated?

A

Psychoeducation
encouraging talking, keeping active, eating well and sleeping well
CBT

43
Q

What is the role of social work and occupational therapy in the treatment of depression?

A

Addressing housing, financial and employment issues

involved in activity scheduling

44
Q

The average episode of depression can be halved in duration if treated. What is the average length of an episode of untreated depression?

A

6 months

45
Q

What factors are associated with better outcomes for patients with depression?

A 
Male
first episode
mild or short episode
no psychosis
no/short hospital stay
good social functioning
no comorbid psychiatric disorders
46
Q

What factors would result in a person with depression being unable to drive?

A

severe depression
attention impairment
agitation
suicidality

People and Illness (18 decks)

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