Depression

Question 1

Describe the features of depression.

Answer 1

DSM - 5

INSADCAGES
IN- loss of interest
S- sleep disturbances
A- ppetite change
D- depressed mood
C- concentration difficulties
A- activity levels change
G- guilt
E- energy 
S- Suicide

Question 2

How is depression measured

Answer 2

Beck et al (1996)
BDI-11.
PHQ-9 Personal health questionnaire.
PHQ-2: loss of interest and depressed low mood.
Clinical interview schedule- revised )CIS-R.

Question 3

Impact of depression- worldwide.

Answer 3

Global burden of disease (2013) the predominant mental health problem worldwide is depression.
- 2nd leading cause of years lived with disability followed by lower back pain (in richer countries) (in 26 primary driver)

Question 4

The lancet (2017)

Answer 4

the prevalence of mental health disorders hllobally shows little improvement since 1990/ depression top 10 causes of ill health in all but 4 of the countries worldwide.

Question 5

The adult psychiatric morbidity survey (Stansfield et al 2014)
death

Answer 5

Equates to 1 death every 2 hours/ (ONS, 2013) 10.8 deaths per 100000 population.

Question 6

The adult psychiatric morbidity survey (Stansfield et al 2014)
Regional

Answer 6

There is significant variation in suicide rates across England, highest rates in north east, lowest in London.

Question 7

The adult psychiatric morbidity survey (Stansfield et al 2014)
contact

Answer 7

72% of people who died by suicide in 2002 and 2012 had not been in contact with their GP or health proffesionals a year before.

Question 8

The adult psychiatric morbidity survey (Stansfield et al 2014)
Gender

Answer 8

A leading cause of death in 2014, suicide was the leading cause of death for men under 50 in England and Wales, and for women ages 20-34.

Question 9

The adult psychiatric morbidity survey (Stansfield et al 2014)
employment

Answer 9

) Each type of CMD was more common in people of working age (16-64) than those aged 65 plus.

Question 10

The adult psychiatric morbidity survey (Stansfield et al 2014)
Gender

Answer 10

prevalence and incidence of depression in women is 2 times that of men.

Question 11

Incidence: Eaton et al (1981) and Patten (2000)

Answer 11

Eaton et al (1981) twice as many new cases for women than men in America. Patten (2000) also true for canadia.

Question 12

The diathesis stress model

Answer 12

(Monroe and Simons, 1991)

Question 13

Psychoanalytic theories. Freud ( )

TWO important:

Answer 13

: Oral stage (if you become orally fixated then later in life you may have compulsions to suck your thumb bite your nails, smoke or chew gum. (sometimes a cigar is just a cigar).
But people become vulnerable to depression if needs during the oral stage are not met or infant becomes too dependent.

1. Actual loss or symbollic loss
2. Role of hostility.

problem arises when anger at loss gets directed at self.

Question 14

Impact of psychoanalytical theories

Answer 14

highly influential still very present. role of childhood experience still impportant.

But very little quantitative research.

Question 15

INterpersonal theories of depression

Answer 15

Coyne (1976)
emphasizes social context.
- Depressive symptoms cause guilt irritation and eventual avoidance in others.
= reinforces belief that they are not loved.

Question 16

Extension of COynes interpersonal theory:

Answer 16

Joiner et al (1992)
ERS excessive reassurance seeking people will eventually withdraw.
Drawn from self verification theory (Swann, 1990)

Question 17

Attachment theory of depression

Answer 17

Bowlby (1956)
Impact of separation from caregiver. Primary motivational system to seek security and contact. Evolutionary.
Internal working model of attachment.

Question 18

Behavioural theory of depression

Answer 18

Lewinsoh (1976) not in any way innate- relies completely on the environment.
loss of something or someone acts as a loss of powerful reinforcer.
Leads to extinction of bhevaiour.

Question 19

Limitations of behavioural theory

Answer 19

• environmentally deterministic.
• reductionist
• ignores nature

Question 20

cognitive theory of depression

Answer 20

Negative cognitive triad (beck, 1967)
Negative vieow of self, the world and the future.
Distorted thoughts and judgements, which are socially learnt schema. which get activated by environmental events (Stress) these beliefs lead a person who is prone to depression to experience negative.

Question 21

Life events and depression

Brown and Harris (1978)

Answer 21

Loss of ones own mother in childrhood and lack of confiding relationships gives rise to low self esteem which is a diathese for depression when negative events occur..

Question 22

Brown and Harris (1978)

Risk and protective factors.

Answer 22

risk:
Loss of mother, lack of relationship, unemployment, children under 14.

protective: high levels of intimacy, education, employment.