child and adolescent psychopathology

Question 1

Prevalence (WHO, 2003)

Answer 1

20% of adolescents may experience a mental health problem in any given year.

Question 2

Prevalence (office of national statistics, 2017)

Answer 2

One in eight, 5-19 year olds had at least one mental disorder when assessed in 2017.

Question 3

Prevalence (kessler et al 2005)

Answer 3

50% of mental health problems are established by age 14 and 75% by age 24.

Question 4

Prevalence (Childrens society, 2008)

Answer 4

10% of children and young people (age 5-16) have a clinically diagnosable mental health problem, yet 70% if children and adolescents who experience mental health problems have not had appropriate interventions at a sufficiently early age.

Question 5

What are the limitations of child developmental psychopathologies?

Answer 5

1. Research in children is not as extensive- ethics, hard to recruit, cultural beliefs about childhood mental health, funding problems.
   - children keep developing
   - communication problems and self understanding
   - children often not the person highlighting the problem.
   - diagnostic criteria changes.

Question 6

What is externalising

Answer 6

outward directed- behavioural problems

ADHD.

Question 7

What is internalising

Answer 7

inward directed- emotional problems

Anxiety and depression.

Question 8

what are risks for a developing child

Answer 8

Genetics
Temperament
Socio- cognitive deficits
Emotion regulation

Question 9

what are resilience factors

Answer 9

Attachment
Parenting style
Family resources and poverty.

Question 10

Theoretical approaches: Behavioural

Answer 10

skinner (1948) operant conditioning: learning a behaviour through positive or negative reinforcement.

Question 11

criticisms of behavioural approach

Answer 11

• human behaviour much more complex than animals.
• learning doesnt always change behaviour
• cognitive theorists: doesnt account for attention, memory or individual differences
• Humanistic theorists: behavioural theorists do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts and feelings.
• social learning theorists- critiques that children seem to learn from observing others (no need for direct reinforcment).

Question 12

What is social learning theory

Answer 12

bandura (1961) children who observed an aggressive model made more aggressive responses.
Doesnt need direct reinforcement, modelling. (learning from role models- parents)
Children with parents who have an anxiety disorder are 5 times more likley to develop an anxiety disorder themselves. Beidel and Turner (1997).

Question 13

Beidel and Turner (1997).

Answer 13

children 5 times more likley to develop anxiety disorder if parent has one

Question 14

Why are combined theories important?

Answer 14

operant conditioning- learning through reinforcment
Modelling- social learning theory.
Combination= why some children develop behaviours.

Question 15

Winnicott (1949)

Answer 15

During the blitz children who did not move to the countryside and stayed in the city with their family fared better regardless of danger.
Shows importance of attachment and emotional support.

Question 16

Attachment theory

Answer 16

Bowlby (1958) proposed attachment which is the idea that attachment serves to keep caregivers close and improve chances of survival.
- seeking proximity to caregiver when under threat.
= a lasting connectedness between humans.
Supported by Harlow and Zimmerman (1958) study on Rhesus monkeys.

Question 17

Attachment styles

Answer 17

Ainsworth (1970) conducted the strange situation experiment and concluded with 3 attachment styles: Secure, avoidant and ambivalent.

Question 18

new attachment style

Answer 18

Main and Solomon (1990) added disorganized.

Question 19

Mikulincer and Shaver (2012)

Answer 19

insecurely attached children are at a risk for all psychopathology and working on secure attachment can ameliorate symptoms.

Question 20

What is theoretical integration

Answer 20

important to integrate and move beyond a single cause.