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Principles of Geology — Midterms > Depositional Environment > Flashcards

Depositional Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Can be Terrestrial/Continental or Marine

A

Depositional Environment

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2
Q

Part of Earth that is physically, chemically, and biologically distinct from adjacent areas.

A

Depositional Environment

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3
Q

General physical characteristics of rocks.

A

Lithology

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4
Q

Physical features and arrangements of sedimentary rocks

A

Sedimentary Structures

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5
Q

Preserved traces of lifeforms

A

Fossils

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6
Q

Three types of Depositional Environment

A

Terrestrial/Continental, Marine, and Transitional

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7
Q

Deposited on land or in freshwater. Dominated by clastic sedimentary rocks.
- Fluvial
- Alluvial
- Glacial
- Eolian/Desert
- Lacustrine

A

Terrestrial/Continental

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8
Q

Process of deposition through rivers and streams (confined bodies of water that is moving downhill in chanel)

A

Fluvial

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9
Q

Types of Fluvial

A

Straight/Braided Rivers and Meandering Rivers

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10
Q

Fluvial Processes

A
  • Motion of Sediments
  • Erosion
  • Deposition
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11
Q

Almost straight, less bends. Consist of networks of small channels, and is separated by temporary islands which are bars.

A

Straight/Braided River

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12
Q

Sinuous rivers with bends, snaking patterns as stream meanders back and forth. Forms as moving water erodes outer banks(widens the valley).

A

Meandering River

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13
Q

Stage of Fluvial wherein it is high gradient, high velocity, erosion, tributaries, straight/braided, most of the deposits are boulders

A

Young

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14
Q

Stage of Fluvial wherein it is Low Gradient, Erosion and Depositions, Meanders Forms, Velocity Decreases.

A

Mature

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15
Q

Stage of Fluvial wherein it is Very Low Gradient, Deposition, Low Velocity, Meanders.

A

Old

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16
Q

Boulders left at upstream in young age

A

Channel Lag

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17
Q

Sediments Deposition in Rivers

A

Bars

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18
Q

Elongated naturally-occurring walls of sediments that regulate water levels.

A

Natural Levees

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19
Q

Are of land adjacent to the river that experiences flooding.

A

Flood Plain

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20
Q

Loose, unconsolidated(not cemented) sediments, that are eroded and reshaped by water in some form.

A

Alluvium

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21
Q

Fan or Cone-shaped deposits of sediments built up by streams.

A

Alluvial Fan

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22
Q

Areas that have dry climate, low air pressure and rainfall. Dominated by wind activity and sand.

A

Aeolian/Desert

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23
Q

Removal of fine-grained and loose particles by turbulent winds.

A

Deflation

24
Q

Wearing down of the surfaces by the grinding actions of windborne particles.

A

Abrasion

25
Q

Type of Dune wherein it is perpendicular to the prevailing wind and performs wave-like pattern.

A

Transverse

26
Q

Type of Dune wherein it stretches parallel to the prevailing wind with rounded or pointed tops. Can reach 300m in height, 300km in length.

A

Longitudinal

27
Q

Curved, arc-shaped sand mound with horns facing downwind formed in arid regions.

A

Barchans

28
Q

U-shaped mounds that forms in the reverse of barchans.

A

Parabolic

29
Q

Commonly found on beaches, sandy depressions caused by removal of sediments by wind

A

Blowout

30
Q

Mounds that are subject to different wind directions forming a star-like pyramidal depression.

A

Stars

31
Q

Lightest material carried by the winds which forms a blanket covering the exisiting land and is easily eroded.

A

Loess

32
Q

Desert alluvial fan, broad surface area, fine-grained

A

Bajada

33
Q

Occurs in lakes, still waters permits particles to settle out to form deposits.

A

Lacustrine

34
Q

In upper layer, fine particles

A

Overflow

35
Q

In between layers, medium size particles

A

Interflow

36
Q

Bottom layer, coarse particles

A

Underflow

37
Q

Lakes formed from crustal stretching, also known as rifting.

A

Rift Graben

38
Q

Forms lacustrine deposits from seasonal overbank flooding, refilling isolated basins.

A

Oxbow Lakes

39
Q

Forms when terminal moraines block water from escaping, then the glacier melts that fills the valley.

A

Glacial Lake

40
Q

Can be a meteoric or caldera variety, sediments are provided from water runoff.

A

Crater Lake

41
Q

Characterized by low nutrients value, limiting the ability to support lifeforms; clear water.

A

Oligotrophic Lakes

42
Q

High nutrients value, allows lifeforms to exist.

A

Euthophic Lakes

43
Q

Ice is the major transport process, liquid water(when ice melts), and wind can also transport sediments in this environment.

A

Glacial

44
Q

Area above the firn line, where snowfall accumulates

A

Zone of Accumulation

45
Q

Area of glacier below the firn line with a net loss in ice mass due to melting

A

Zone of Ablation

46
Q

Separates the accumulation and ablation zones.

A

Firn Line

47
Q

Type of snow that has been left from past seasons and recrystallized into a substance denser than snow.

A

Firn

48
Q

Cracks in glaciers.

A

Crevasses

49
Q

Half-bowl-shaped valleys

A

Cirques

50
Q

Sharp, long, and narrow ridges at mountain tops, formed by glacial erosion

A

Arete

51
Q

Sharpest and Elevated point of arete.

A

Horn

52
Q

Spoon shaped sediment deposits formed due to streams

A

Drumlin

53
Q

Long sinuous deposition.

A

Esker

54
Q

Glacier deposition

A

Moraines

55
Q

Small depression and cavity formed in bedrock due to glacier movement.

A

Kettle

Principles of Geology — Midterms (5 decks)

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