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Yr 2 - PPD2 > Dental Public Health - Measuring health > Flashcards

Dental Public Health - Measuring health Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it difficult to define health?

A
  • subjective
  • Difficult to put into words
  • can change over time
  • understanding can depend on ulture & what is considered normal
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2
Q

What are the 3 different models of health?

A
  1. Social model of health
  2. WHO definition of health/ Ottowa charter
  3. Biomedical model of health
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3
Q

What is the biomedical model of health?

A
  • Body is a machine that can be fixed through medical intervention or drugs
  • Diseases are caused by specific pathogens
  • Practitioner = expert; patient = passive

= the way most drs and dentists are trained

HEALTH = DR/DENTIST + DRUGS/TREATMENT

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4
Q

What is the biomedical view of dentistry?

A
  • Dentists training = looking for disease (e.g. caries, cavities, periodontal disease, oral cancer)
  • Mouth = hot bed of fungal, bacterial & viral pathogens
  • Role of dentists = diagnose and treat the disease/pathigen (e.g. antibiotics, fill a cavity, extract diseased tooth)
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5
Q

What is the social model of health?

A
  • Person centred = biological, social, psychological, emotional, cultural and ecological factors
  • = Holistic (with every tooth there is a patient)
  • Practitioner = helper, patient = self reliant (made aware of options/ possible treatments & has some level of responsibility)
  • To prevent ill health
  • Patients past experiences of the dentist can have a direct impact on dental attendance rates, patient confidence and compliance
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6
Q

What is the WHO model of health?

A

“a state of complete physical, mntal and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

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7
Q

What are the advantages (2) of the WHO model of health?

A
  • Doesnt subscribe to negative conceptualisation of health
  • Recognises physical, psychological and social domains of health
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8
Q

What are the disadvantages (3) of the WHO model of health?

A

Places an emphasis on always being healthy (taking tablets, going for check ups and medicalisation of life)

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9
Q

What is the Ottawa charter?

A
  • Outlines the concept and principles of health promotion
  • “health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health”
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10
Q

What are the 3 basic strategies for health promotion outlined by the Ottawa charter?

A
  • Advocacy = create the essential conditions for health
  • Enabling all people to achieve their full health potential
  • Mediating = between the different interests in society in the pursuit of health
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11
Q

Why should we measure health?

A
  • Reduce the inflences of health that have negative effects on our health and promote those with positive effects
  • Allows us to compare the health of different populations and groups within populations

= develop practical solutions to protect and promote the health of populations

= identify any unmet health needs of the population (improve health services, address/write health policy)

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12
Q

What is health status?

A

A description and/or measurement of the health of an individual or population at a particular point in time against identifiable standards, using by reference to health indicators

(WHO)

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13
Q

What is need?

A

The capacity to benefit from an intervention

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14
Q

What is rate?

A

A measure of how disease progresses over time

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15
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The % of the population that have the disease NOW

= (number of cases of disease present in a population at a specific time / number of persons at risk of having the disease at the specific time) X 1000

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16
Q

What is incidence?

A

(The number of new cases of a disease / population at risk in a given time period) X 1000

17
Q

What are the common measurements of health status (6)?

A
  • Mortality rate = inidcator of the disease burden (cause of death on certificate)
  • Morbidity rate = the number or rate of nonfatal outcomes
  • **Incidence rate **
  • Prevalence rate
  • Life expectancy = the average bumber of years of life remaining to a person of a specific age
  • Life expectancy at birth = te average number of years newborns can be expected to live if existing mortality patterns continue during their lifetime
18
Q

What is the mortality rate?

A

(The number of deathis in a population at a given time / number of people in a population at a given time) X 1000

19
Q

What are the different quantitive sources of health data (7)?

A
  • WHO (international)
  • Europa (european)
  • Eurostat (country wide)
  • ONS (country wide)
  • Project ISARE (health regions)
  • Health observatories (local)
  • Health/ joint strategic needs assessment (local)
20
Q

What are the two different qualitative sources of health data?

A
  • Self reported (e.g. rate your health on a scale of 1 to 5)
  • Academic research (experiences of people living with particular chornic illness)
21
Q

Which types of data are collected in health statistics?

A
  • Demographic: Age, sex, geographical distribution etc.
  • Health related characteristics: measures of deprivation, living conditions, employment, housing
  • Health need data: distribution of the indicator of an invention (e.g. hip replacement)
  • Mortality: the death experience of the population causes variations according to person, place and time
  • Morbidity: health or illness experience of the population
  • Health service data: rates of diagnoses, interventions & procedures
22
Q

Which criteria is used to test the effectiveness of data?

A

CART (Detels)

C = Completeness (population selection and sampling methods are correct)

A = Accuracy (data collection methods = valid, free from selectio bias, statistically significant) & Precise (sample size sufficient to estimate prevelance of disease)

R = Relevance and/or representativeness

T = Timelessness

23
Q

What is the main disadvantage of using quantitive measurement?

A

Most measurements of overall health of populations = based on averages (don’t measure discrete findings but make inferences about population based on other measures)

24
Q

What is the main disadvantage of using qualitative measurements?

A

Often small- scale and so not generalisable

25
Q

Since which report has it become widely accepted that social factors (gender, age, ethnicity, location & income) underpin health data/status?

A

The Black report (1980)

n.b. the different factors cluster in different ways

26
Q

What is the social gradient?

A

Individuals at the top of the social heirachy enjoy better health than those immediately below them and as you go further down the social scale health deteriorates further in a step-wise and consistant fashion

27
Q

What are the 2 possible approaches for health inequalities?

A
  • Behaviouralist approach (blame the individual -> assumes they freely choose their lifestyle e.g. alcohol, smoking, activity levels = ignores that behaviour is shaped by social context)
  • Social determinants of health approach (the distribution of power income, goods, services, access to healthcare, education, conditions of work and leisure and the nature of the healthcare system all influence health status of a population)
28
Q

How do we identify health needs?

A
  1. Look at any huge inequalities (e.g. bad trends associated with culture)
  2. Determine if there is a need to stop this
  3. Interviene
29
Q

When identifying health needs what is it key to remember?

A

Individual health needs are not the same as community health needs

30
Q

What 3 things can be achived after identifying a health need?

A
  • Met = appropriately addressed by current standards of service/care
  • Unmet = gaps/deficiencies in current services or informaion e.g. poor access to dental services
  • Overmet = over use of servuces e.g. prescriptions of antibiotics for sore throat/colds
31
Q

What is a normative need?

A

Define by professionals or objective measures or criterion

32
Q

What is a felt need?

A

Need people subjectively percive as being important to them

33
Q

What is an expressed need?

A

People express through words or action a need they have e.g. asking for information or organising a protest

34
Q

What are comparitive needs?

A

When a group is compared with a similar group

Yr 2 - PPD2 (12 decks)

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