DENT 1050 Test #2, Chapters 1, 6, 7, 9, 11, 16, 20

Question 1

Radiation

Answer 1

a form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles

Question 2

X-radiation

Answer 2

a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube

Question 3

X-ray

Answer 3

A beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic or digital sensors

Question 4

Radiology

Answer 4

the science or study of radiation as used in medicine; a branch of medical science that deals with the use of x-rays, radioactive substances, and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

Question 5

radiograph

Answer 5

a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object.

Question 6

dental radiograph

Answer 6

a photographic image produced on an image receptor by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures

Question 7

Radiography

Answer 7

the art and science of making radiographs by the exposure of film to x-rays

Question 8

Dental radiography

Answer 8

the production of radiographs of the teeth and adjacent structures by the exposure of an image receptor to x-rays

Question 9

Dental radiographer

Answer 9

any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray image receptors

Question 10

X-rays discovered by:

Answer 10

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen; in 1895

Question 11

First radiograph by Roentgen:

Answer 11

of his shotgun

Question 12

Took the first dental radiographs in 1896

Answer 12

Otto Walkhoff

Question 13

Created first vacuum tube

Answer 13

Heinrich Geissler

Question 14

Took first radiograph using a skull; first full body radiograph

Answer 14

W.J. Morton

Question 15

Pioneered the use of radiographs in the dental profession in the U.S.

Answer 15

Dr. William Rollins

Question 16

Created first intraoral radiograph film

Answer 16

Frank Van Woert

Question 17

Developed the hot cathode x-ray tube

Answer 17

William D. Coolidge

Question 18

“Father of modern dental radiography”

Answer 18

F. Gordon Fitzgerald

Question 19

Before what year was there no regulation of x-ray machines?

Answer 19

1974

Question 20

Types of x-ray machines (2)

Answer 20

Intraoral machines and Extraoral machines

Question 21

Tubehead

Answer 21

made up of insulating oil, transformers, cathode and anode

Question 22

Control devices in IO x-ray machines include:

Answer 22

kVp, mA, and timer

Question 23

Bite-Block or Stabe Bite-Block

Answer 23

disposable styrofoam bite-block with a backing plate and slot for film retention

Question 24

EEZEE-Grip (Snap-A-Ray)

Answer 24

sturdy molded plastic (sterilizable)

Question 25

Uses of dental radiographs

Answer 25

Detection (**primary benefit), Confirmation of suspected diseases, Localization, Documenting change from the baseline

Question 26

Prescribing dental radiographs is:

Answer 26

based on the individual need of the patient; ultimately decided by the dentist

Question 27

Dental x-ray film composistion

Answer 27

Film base; adhesive layer; film emulsion-found on both sides of film and homogenous mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals; protective layer

Question 28

Latent image formation

Answer 28

stored energy within the silver halide crystals forms a pattern or image within the emulsion that is "invisible" until the film undergoes processing

Question 29

Film processing chemical development

Answer 29

Developer > Fixer > Wash > Dry

Question 30

Periapical film

Answer 30

includes entire tooth from apex to crown

Question 31

Bite-wing film

Answer 31

used to examine interproximal surfaces and bone level

Question 32

Occlusal film

Answer 32

covers a large area of the maxilla or mandible, the pt. occludes on the entire film

Question 33

Screen film type

Answer 33

uses intensifying screens on both sides; extraoral film

Question 34

Non-screen film type

Answer 34

exposed directly to x-rays; not used in dentistry because of long exposure

Question 35

F-speed film

Answer 35

currently recommended because it's faster, 60% of exposure of D-speed

Question 36

To produce high quality diagnostic dental radiographs, dental x-ray film MUST BE:

Answer 36

Properly exposed and processed

Question 37

Reductin

Answer 37

halide portion of the exposed, energized silver halide crystal is removed; selective reduction - only energized, exposed reduced to black metallic silver

Question 38

Film processing steps

Answer 38

a. Development b. Rinsing c. Fixation d. Washing e. Dryin

Question 39

Developer solution contains 4 basic ingredients

Answer 39

1. developing agent (hydroquinone, elon) 2. preservative (sodium sulfite) 3. accelerator (sodium carbonate) 4. restrainer (potassium bromide)

Question 40

Fixer solution contains 4 basic ingredients

Answer 40

1. fixing agent (sodium thiosulfate, ammonium thiosulfate 2. preservative (sodium sulfite) 3. hardening agent (potassium alum 4. acidifier (acetic acid, sulfuric acid

Question 41

Keep x-rays in cool and dry place

Answer 41

50-70 degrees and 30-50% humidity

Question 42

Underdeveloped film appears:

Answer 42

light

Question 43

Overdeveloped film appears:

Answer 43

dark

Question 44

Reticulation of emulsion appears:

Answer 44

cracked

Question 45

Developers spots

Answer 45

dark spots on film

Question 46

Fixer spots

Answer 46

white spots on film

Question 47

Yellow-brown stains from:

Answer 47

expired developer or fixer

Question 48

Developer cut-off appears:

Answer 48

straight white border on film

Question 49

Fixer cut-off appears:

Answer 49

straight black border on film

Question 50

Overlapped films

Answer 50

white or dark areas on film

Question 51

Air bubbles

Answer 51

white spots on film

Question 52

Fingernail artifact

Answer 52

black, crescent shaped marks on film

Question 53

Fingerprint artifact

Answer 53

black fingerprint on film

Question 54

Static electricity

Answer 54

thin, black branching lines on film

Question 55

Scratched film

Answer 55

white lines on film

Question 56

Light leak

Answer 56

exposed area appears black

Question 57

Fogged film

Answer 57

appears gray and lacks image detail or contrast

Question 58

Completely clear?

Answer 58

never exposed, left film in fixer too long

Question 59

Unexposed film

Answer 59

clear

Question 60

Film exposed to light

Answer 60

black

Question 61

Overexposed film

Answer 61

dark film

Question 62

Underexposed film

Answer 62

light film

Question 63

Film placement problems

Answer 63

film doesn't extend 1/8 inch beyond incisal or occlusal; apices do not appear on film; dropped film corner

Question 64

Angulation problems

Answer 64

horizontal angulation; vertical angulation

Question 65

PID alignment problems

Answer 65

cone-cut

Question 66

Technique errors

Answer 66

film placement problems; angulation problems; PID alignment problems

Question 67

Misc technique errors

Answer 67

Film bending; film creasing; phalangioma (finger x-ray on film from pt holding on wrong side); double exposure; movement; reversed film