Demography Flashcards
What is the birth rate defined as
The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year
2 factors affecting birth rate
1) the proportion of women who are of childbearing age (15-44)
2) how fertile they are
What is the total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children women will have during their fertile years
What is the changes in births show us (3)
- more women are remaining childless
- women are postponing having children
- more migrant women have lots of children
General reasons for the decline in birth rate (4)
- changes in position of women
- decline in infant mortality rate
- children have become an economic liability
- child centredness
How has the changes in the role of women affect the birth rate (3)
- have the same equal rights compared to men
- education opportunities
- more women in paid employment- with equal pay
How has the decline in the infant mortality rate affected the birth rate (3)
- better sanitation, improved housing
- better nutrition
- mass immunisation
How has the fact that children have become an economic liability affected the birth rate (2)
- laws banning child labour, introducing compulsory schooling and raising the age in which children should leave school
- children are very expensive
How has child centredness affected the birth rate
- now people have fewer children in order to spoil them etc, also kids are very expensive
What was the main reason for the slight increase in the birth rate
The increase in immigration
Babies born to mothers from outside the uk accounted for ….
25% of all births in 2011
How can the number of babies born affect the family
-the smaller the family= cheaper it will be. Also more mothers would be able to work creating a dual earner couple
How can the number of babies born affect the DEPENDANCY RATIO
-the money of the working population (e.g. parents) must support the non working part of the population (kids)
What is the dependancy ratio
The relationship between the size of the working population and the size of the non-working part of the population
Death:
What is the death rate
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
What was the death rate in 1900 then in 2012
1900- 19
2012- it had fallen to 8.9
General reasons for the decline in the death rate (4)
- decline in deaths from infectious disease
- medical improvements
- improved nutrition
- public health measures and environmental improvements
How has there been a decline in deaths from infectious disease (2)
-diseases of affluence such as heart disease and cancers had replaced infectious diseases.
These diseases affected middle/old men
-some diseases became less powerful (natural resistance against disease)
How did medical improvements decline the death rate rate (2)
- improved medical knowledge, techniques
- advances included: intro of antibiotics, immunisation, NHS
How has improved nutrition declined the death rate
-it has increased resistance to infection and increased the survival chances of those becoming infected
How has public health measures declined the death rate (3)
- laws were passed about keeping streets clean
- improvements to houses
- purer water
What were men expected to live until in 2013
90.7 years
What were women expected to live until in 2013
94 years
The ageing population:
What was the average age of the uk population in 2013
25
How much of the the population in 2011 were 65 and plus
1 in 6 of the population
The ageing population is a result of what 3 factors
- increased life expectancy
- declining infant mortality rate
- declining fertility
Effects of an ageing population:
Public services
-consume a large section of the health care
Effects of an ageing population:
One-person pensioner households
-most of these are female as they live longer than men
One-person pensioner households account for about ….
1 in 8 of all households
Effects of an ageing population:
the dependency ratio (2)
- the non-working old people are dependant on the working age for pensions and health care
- as the number of retired people increases the dependancy ratio increases
Describe the modernist view on ageism
-the old are largely excluded from paid work, leaving them to be financially dependant on others
What does marxist Phillipson say about ageism (modernity)
-that the old are no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive, as a result the state doesn’t help them so the family has to (they are seen as a burden)
What does the postmodernism view say about ageism (3)
- linked to the “do it yourself” biography
- people decide when to retire
- they are in charge of their own life
What policy implications are there with regards to ageism (2)
- old people may have to move into smaller houses for big families to move in
- people could pay more from taxes or save more money in order to fund their lifestyle when they retire
What does Pilcher argue about inequalities such as gender and class (arguments about pensions) (3)
- the middle class have better occupational pensions and greater savings from higher salaries
- poorer old people have a shorter life expectancy and suffer more infirmity
- women’s lower earnings and career breaks mean lower pensions
What does migration mean (2)
- It refers to the movement of people from place to place
- it can be internal or international
What does immigration mean
-movement into a society
What does emigration mean
Movement out of a society
What is net migration
The difference between the numbers immigrating and emigrating and is expressed as a net increase or decrease due to migration
Immigration:
What was the largest migrant group to the uk from 1900
Irish
Immigration:
After the Irish, who else immigrated to the uk
Eastern and Central European Jews who were often refugees
Immigration:
Who settled in the uk in the 1960s and 70s (3)
- black immigrants from the Caribbean
- South Asian: pakistanis, bengalis
- East African Asians from kenya
Immigration:
By 2011 minority ethnic groups accounted for …
12.1% of the total population
Emigration:
Since 1900 where did the great majority of emigrants go to
The US and the old Commonwealth countries (Canada etc)
Emigration:
What was the push factor that made people emigrate
The economic recession and unemployment
Emigration:
What were the pull factors that made people emigrate (2)
- high wages
- better opportunities abroad
Impact of migration on population size:
What was the net migration in 2012 into the Uk
176,000
Impact of migration on population size:
What was the net migration in 2004
223,000
Impact of migration on population size:
What was the key reason for the increase in the net migration in 2004 since 1991
The expansion of the EU in 2004 including 10 new member states giving citizens the right to live and work in the uk
Impact of migration on age structure:
In 2011 what was the average age of uk passport holders
41
Impact of migration on age structure:
What was the average age of non-uk passport holders in 2011
31
Impact of migration on age structure:
How does the age structure immigrants affect the population size
Immigrants are usually younger and so more fertile so they produce more kids
The impact of migration on the dependency ratio:
What reduces the dependency
Migrants that are of working age
The impact of migration on the dependency ratio:
What contributes to a higher dependency ratio
More immigrant women that have high levels of fertility and produce lots of kids
The impact of migration on the dependency ratio:
How does more immigrant women having lots of children affect the ratio
Because it produces more workers in the long term
The impact of migration on the distribution of the population:
What let to Britain seeing half of its population living in towns and cities (1851)
Internal migration during the industrial revolution
The impact of migration on the distribution of the population:
How has london and the south east exerted an important pull
Because of the growth in finance and service industries located there
What is globalisation
Countries and people are more interconnected
What has led to globalisation (4)
- the growth of communication systems
- global media
- the creation of global markets
- expansion of the EU
Trends in global migration (2)
- acceleration
- differentiation
Trends in global migration- acceleration:
What does this mean
-migration has been speeding up
Trends in global migration- acceleration:
According to the United Nations (2013) international migration increased by …
33% between 2000-2013 to reach 232 million of the world’s population
Trends in global migration- differentiation:
What does this mean
Globalisation is increasing the diversity of types of migrants
Trends in global migration- differentiation:
Advantages of immigrants living in a stable ethnic community (3)
- those that migrate will feel comfortable with the same ethnic people around them
- supportive people
- have the same religion/ religious building
Trends in global migration- differentiation:
Disadvantages of immigrants living in a stable ethnic community (4)
- conflict between different religious
- cause segregation between other religions
- may not experience other religions/cultures
- may increase crime ad racist people may target them
What did Vertovec say that globalisation led to
“Super-diversity”
What does Cohen say about citizens
They have full citizenship rights e.g. voting however since the 1970s the government has made it harder for immigrants to acquire these rights
What does cohen say about denizens
They are privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g. highly paid employees
What does cohen say about helots
(Literally slaves)- the most exploited group.
People regard them as “disposable u its of labour power” and they are found in unskilled, poorly paid work
The feminisation of migration:
Almost half of all global migrants are …
Female
The feminisation of migration:
What has it been called where female migrants are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women’s jobs as carers or providers of sexual services
The globalisation of the gender division if labour
The feminisation of migration:
What did Ehrenreich and Hochschild find out
That care work, domestic work and sex work in western counties like the uk and the US is increasingly performed by women from poor countries
The feminisation of migration:
What did Shutes report
That 40% of adult care nurses in the uk are migrants
The feminisation of migration:
What other common job do migrant women do
-jobs where emotional labour is required such as nannies
What is the meaning of hybrid identity
A mix of more than one culture and religion
Transnational identities:
What did Eriksen say about globalisation
That it has created a more diverse migrant pattern where people migrate into different counties all the time and don’t just stay in one country
Transnational identities:
A disadvantage of transnational identities (2)
- you might not feel belonged into a country
- migrants may not get involved in the culture of the country
The politicisation of migration:
What does this mean
Migration has raised issues with the government and now there are policies that to try and control migration
The politicisation of migration:
What is assimilation
The first state policy approach to migration
-aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture
The politicisation of migration:
What is the problem with assimilation policies
That transnational migrants with hybrid identities may not be willing to abandon their culture
The politicisation of migration:
What is Multiculturalism
It accepts that migrants may wish ti retain a separate cultural identity
The politicisation of migration:
What did Erikson say about shallow diversity
The state is more comfortable with shallow diversity such as accepting cultural foods as it does not intervene in people’s lives
The politicisation of migration:
What did Erikson say about deep diversity
The state does not accept the unveiling of women or arranged marriages
The politicisation of migration:
What did Castells say about assimilationist policies
They are counter-productive because they mark out minority groups such as “culturally-backward” this can lead to them responding by emphasising their difference
The politicisation of migration:
What is the bad thing about assimilation policies against migrant people
It may encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems such ad unemployment, resulting in racist scapegoating
The politicisation of migration:
What did Castles and Kosack say about people blaming migrants
That it benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided working class and preventing united action in defence of their interests
