Demography Flashcards
What is the birth rate defined as
The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year
2 factors affecting birth rate
1) the proportion of women who are of childbearing age (15-44)
2) how fertile they are
What is the total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children women will have during their fertile years
What is the changes in births show us (3)
- more women are remaining childless
- women are postponing having children
- more migrant women have lots of children
General reasons for the decline in birth rate (4)
- changes in position of women
- decline in infant mortality rate
- children have become an economic liability
- child centredness
How has the changes in the role of women affect the birth rate (3)
- have the same equal rights compared to men
- education opportunities
- more women in paid employment- with equal pay
How has the decline in the infant mortality rate affected the birth rate (3)
- better sanitation, improved housing
- better nutrition
- mass immunisation
How has the fact that children have become an economic liability affected the birth rate (2)
- laws banning child labour, introducing compulsory schooling and raising the age in which children should leave school
- children are very expensive
How has child centredness affected the birth rate
- now people have fewer children in order to spoil them etc, also kids are very expensive
What was the main reason for the slight increase in the birth rate
The increase in immigration
Babies born to mothers from outside the uk accounted for ….
25% of all births in 2011
How can the number of babies born affect the family
-the smaller the family= cheaper it will be. Also more mothers would be able to work creating a dual earner couple
How can the number of babies born affect the DEPENDANCY RATIO
-the money of the working population (e.g. parents) must support the non working part of the population (kids)
What is the dependancy ratio
The relationship between the size of the working population and the size of the non-working part of the population
Death:
What is the death rate
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
What was the death rate in 1900 then in 2012
1900- 19
2012- it had fallen to 8.9
General reasons for the decline in the death rate (4)
- decline in deaths from infectious disease
- medical improvements
- improved nutrition
- public health measures and environmental improvements
How has there been a decline in deaths from infectious disease (2)
-diseases of affluence such as heart disease and cancers had replaced infectious diseases.
These diseases affected middle/old men
-some diseases became less powerful (natural resistance against disease)
How did medical improvements decline the death rate rate (2)
- improved medical knowledge, techniques
- advances included: intro of antibiotics, immunisation, NHS
How has improved nutrition declined the death rate
-it has increased resistance to infection and increased the survival chances of those becoming infected
How has public health measures declined the death rate (3)
- laws were passed about keeping streets clean
- improvements to houses
- purer water
What were men expected to live until in 2013
90.7 years
What were women expected to live until in 2013
94 years
The ageing population:
What was the average age of the uk population in 2013
25
How much of the the population in 2011 were 65 and plus
1 in 6 of the population
The ageing population is a result of what 3 factors
- increased life expectancy
- declining infant mortality rate
- declining fertility
Effects of an ageing population:
Public services
-consume a large section of the health care
Effects of an ageing population:
One-person pensioner households
-most of these are female as they live longer than men
One-person pensioner households account for about ….
1 in 8 of all households
Effects of an ageing population:
the dependency ratio (2)
- the non-working old people are dependant on the working age for pensions and health care
- as the number of retired people increases the dependancy ratio increases
Describe the modernist view on ageism
-the old are largely excluded from paid work, leaving them to be financially dependant on others
What does marxist Phillipson say about ageism (modernity)
-that the old are no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive, as a result the state doesn’t help them so the family has to (they are seen as a burden)
What does the postmodernism view say about ageism (3)
- linked to the “do it yourself” biography
- people decide when to retire
- they are in charge of their own life
What policy implications are there with regards to ageism (2)
- old people may have to move into smaller houses for big families to move in
- people could pay more from taxes or save more money in order to fund their lifestyle when they retire