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families and households > demography > Flashcards

demography Flashcards

1
Q

what is demography?

A

the study of statistics that measure the size and growth of a population

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2
Q

when does a population increase?

A

when birth rates are higher than death rates

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3
Q

what leads to a decline in the population?

A

low fertility or and high mortality rates

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4
Q

what does immigration into a country cause?

A

the population to increase

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5
Q

what does emigration away from a country cause?

A

the population to decrease

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6
Q

what has happened to birth and fertility rates?

A

they have decreased

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7
Q

how many births were there in 2014 in England and Wales?

A

700,000

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8
Q

how many births were there in 1901 in England and Wales?

A

1 million

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9
Q

what is the total fertility rate (TFR)?

A

the average number of children a woman has if she followed the current fertility rate

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10
Q

what has happened to the TFR in England and Wales since the early 20th century?

A

it has decreased

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11
Q

what was the TFR in 2014?

A

1.83 children per woman

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12
Q

when was there unusual peaks in fertility?

A

during baby booms after the First and Seconds World Wars

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13
Q

what is the completed family size (CFS)?

A

the average number of children for a woman born in a specific year

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14
Q

3 patterns in childbearing trends in England and Wales

A
  1. people are having fewer children
  2. women are having children later
  3. more people are not having children at all
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15
Q

2 factors that have influenced these childbearing trends

A
  1. social changes e.g., readily available contraception
  2. children are expensive and time-consuming
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16
Q

what has happened to mortality and death rates since 1900?

A

they have fallen

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17
Q

what are infant mortality rates (IMR)?

A

the number of deaths of children aged 0 to 1 per 1000 live births

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18
Q

what was the IMR for girls and boys in 1901 in England and Wales?

A

13.6% for girls and 16.6%

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19
Q

what is the IMR now?

A

less than 0.5%

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20
Q

what has happened to adult mortality?

A

decreased

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21
Q

what has reduced mortality?

A

medical advancements in the second half of the 20th century

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22
Q

what do these medical advancements include?

A

the introduction of vaccines, blood transfusions, antibiotics, better care for pregnant women

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23
Q

what impact did these medical advancements have?

A

more people survived serious illness and childbirth

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24
Q

when was the NHS created?

A

1948

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25
Q

what did the introduction of the NHS do?

A

make health care free and accessible to all

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26
Q

how did the government improve public health?

A

by regulating food and drinking-water quality and enforcing laws to improve cleanliness

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27
Q

what did improved public awareness of infections lead to?

A

a decline in disease

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28
Q

what did McKeown (1972) say led to an improvement in mortality rates?

A

better nutrition

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29
Q

why does McKeown (1972) say better nutrition led to an improvement in mortality rates?

A

people were more able to fight off infection

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30
Q

what do critics of McKeown point out?

A

cases of some diseases such as measles rose as nutrition improved

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31
Q

what is happening to the overall age of the UK population?

A

it is ageing

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32
Q

what is life expectancy?

A

the average length of time a person is expected to live

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33
Q

what has falling mortality rates led to?

A

increased life expectancy

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34
Q

what will 1 in 3 babies born in 2013 have a life expectancy of?

A

100

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35
Q

2 factors that have contributed to an increased life expectancy

A
  1. falling infant mortality
  2. public health
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36
Q

what is an ageing population?

A

when the number and proportion of older people increase which causes the median age of the population to increase

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37
Q

what fraction of the UK population is expected to be over 65 by 2035?

A

one quarter

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38
Q

how much has the proportion of over 85s increased since 1985?

A

it has doubled

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39
Q

2 factors that mean more people live past the age of 65

A
  1. improvement in mortality rates
  2. increasing life expectancy
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40
Q

what does the decline in fertility rates mean?

A

fewer children are being born

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41
Q

what is happening to the proportion of young people in the UK?

A

it is decreasing

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42
Q

what does the ageing population change in society?

A

the burden of care

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43
Q

who does society have a reponsibility to care for?

A

vulnerable people e.g., children and older people

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44
Q

what is the burden of care?

A

the responsibility to care for the vulnerable

45
Q

what does the burden of care put pressure on?

A

resources

46
Q

who does the burden of care shift towards in an ageing population?

A

older people

47
Q

what is the dependency ratio?

A

the number of people who are not of working age, compared to the number of working-age people who can support them

48
Q

how does the dependency ratio increase in an ageing population?

A

there is a decline in the proportion of working-age people

49
Q

how old does Hirsch (2005) think people will have to work to contribute towards the cost of health and social care in later life?

A

into their 60s or 70s

50
Q

who does Hirsch (2005) think single pensioners will have to compete with for housing?

A

single young people

51
Q

what does the competition between pensioners and young people cause?

A

house prices to rise

52
Q

what report did the government commission in the 80s?

A

the Griffiths report

53
Q

what did the Griffiths report look at?

A

the long-term care of mentally ill, disabled and older members of society to make it more efficient

54
Q

what did care of older people leaving hospital used to be carried out by?

A

NHS services

55
Q

what is care of older people leaving hospital used now carried out by?

A

local council social services

56
Q

what is this shift from the NHS to local council services a movement away from?

A

institutionalisation (placing people in group homes) towards care in the home

57
Q

what has delivering more minor health and social care in the home improved?

A

the independence and comfort of older people who don’t want to move into retirement homes or don’t need 24-hour care

58
Q

what 3 factors is poverty in old age linked to?

A
  1. social class
  2. gender
  3. ageism
59
Q

what is ageism?

A

discrimination against older people because of their age

60
Q

what happens to ageism in ageing populations?

A

it increases

61
Q

why does ageism increase in an ageing population?

A

the needs of older people are seen as a problem

62
Q

what did Peter Townsend (1979) study?

A

poverty in the UK

63
Q

what did Peter Townsend (1979) find there is a higher proprtion of in poverty?

A

a higher proportion of older people in poverty compared to younger people

64
Q

why did Peter Townsend (1979) say there is a higher proportion of older people in poverty?

A

older people could no longer rely on income from employment

65
Q

what type of jobs do people less likely to be in poverty in old age have during their working lives?

A

higher status jobs

66
Q

what did Peter Townsend (1979) link this finding to?

A

social class

67
Q

how did Peter Townsend (1979) link the status of jobs to social class?

A

people who were in poverty in throughout their working life were less likely to have saving and private pensions to support themselves in old age

68
Q

what 2 factors does Pilcher (1995) say affects income in retirement

A
  1. class
  2. gender
69
Q

why does Pilcher (1995) say gender affects income in retirement?

A

women often have smaller pensions because they might take time away from work to care for children

70
Q

what happened to net migration since WW2?

A

it has increased

71
Q

what is net migration?

A

the number of people moving into a country - the number moving away

72
Q

what was the net migration in 2014-15 in the UK?

A

330,000

73
Q

how much did the foreign-born population increase in England and Wales between 1991 and 2011?

A

it nearly doubled

74
Q

why was there an increase in the Polish population after WW2?

A

a labour shortage prompted the government to encourage Polish soldiers to move to the UK

75
Q

what did the British Nationality Act 1948 make it easier to do?

A

citizens of the British Commonwealth to settle in the UK

76
Q

what did the British Nationality Act 1948 lead to a wave of?

A

mass immigration

77
Q

what did mass immigration in the 90s outweigh?

A

emigration

78
Q

what did the mass immigration in the 90s lead to?

A

an increase in net migration

79
Q

what did war and political conflicts in South Africa, Afghanisatan and Iraq lead to an increase of?

A

applications for asylum (protection) in the UK

80
Q

when did applications for asylum peak?

A

2002 at 84,000

81
Q

when did new countries join the EU?

A

2004 and 2007

82
Q

what was introduced after new countries joined the EU?

A

free movement

83
Q

what is free movement?

A

allowing Europeans to move freely within the EU

84
Q

how did the introduction free movement lead to increased net migration?

A

new EU migrants arrived in the UK

85
Q

what has net migration affected the structure of?

A

society and families

86
Q

what does the impact of net migration outweigh?

A

the impact of low fertility rates on population size in the UK

87
Q

what age do migrants tend to be?

A

young and of working age

88
Q

what does the young age of migrants decrease?

A

the average age of a country

89
Q

what decreases the dependency ratio?

A

immigration

90
Q

how does immigration decrease the dependency ratio?

A

by increasing the number of people able to support children and older people

91
Q

who is fertility rate higher for?

A

mothers not born in the UK than mothers born in the UK

92
Q

how does the fertility rate being higher for mothers not born in the UK increase the dependency ratio?

A

by increasing the number of children in the population

93
Q

why is the impact of the dependency ratio temporary?

A

because children of migrants will reach working-age and go on to decrease the dependency ratio

94
Q

what has led to an increase in multi-family households?

A

net migration

95
Q

what has increased international migration?

A

globalisation

96
Q

what is globalisation?

A

when nations become more connected and barriers separating societies are broken down

97
Q

what does globalisation lead to?

A

more international migration and more diverse reasons for migration

98
Q

what has happened to British society since the 90s?

A

it has become more ethnically diverse

99
Q

how has immigration led to a multicultural society?

A

migrants have brought different cultures and religions to the UK

100
Q

what does globalisation lead to different reasons for?

A

migration

101
Q

what purposes were half of the visas granted by the UK government between 2014 and 2015 for?

A

educational purposes

102
Q

what fraction of visas granted between 2014 and 2015 were to economic migrants?

A

one quarter

103
Q

what are economic migrants?

A

people moving for work

104
Q

what identity does Eriksen (2007) say migrants in a globalised world tend to form?

A

transnational identities

105
Q

what is a transnational identity?

A

they don’t belong to a single country but a network of countries across the world

106
Q

what are people with transnational identities less likely to learn?

A

the language of a country or adapt to its culture (assimilate)

107
Q

why are people with transnational identities less likely to assimilate?

A

they don’t see it as a permanent home

108
Q

why does immigration become a political issue?

A

governments have to decide whether to promote assimilation or multiculturalism

families and households (6 decks)

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