demography Flashcards
1
Q
what is demography?
A
the study of statistics that measure the size and growth of a population
2
Q
when does a population increase?
A
when birth rates are higher than death rates
3
Q
what leads to a decline in the population?
A
low fertility or and high mortality rates
4
Q
what does immigration into a country cause?
A
the population to increase
5
Q
what does emigration away from a country cause?
A
the population to decrease
6
Q
what has happened to birth and fertility rates?
A
they have decreased
7
Q
how many births were there in 2014 in England and Wales?
A
700,000
8
Q
how many births were there in 1901 in England and Wales?
A
1 million
9
Q
what is the total fertility rate (TFR)?
A
the average number of children a woman has if she followed the current fertility rate
10
Q
what has happened to the TFR in England and Wales since the early 20th century?
A
it has decreased
11
Q
what was the TFR in 2014?
A
1.83 children per woman
12
Q
when was there unusual peaks in fertility?
A
during baby booms after the First and Seconds World Wars
13
Q
what is the completed family size (CFS)?
A
the average number of children for a woman born in a specific year
14
Q
3 patterns in childbearing trends in England and Wales
A
- people are having fewer children
- women are having children later
- more people are not having children at all
15
Q
2 factors that have influenced these childbearing trends
A
- social changes e.g., readily available contraception
- children are expensive and time-consuming
16
Q
what has happened to mortality and death rates since 1900?
A
they have fallen
17
Q
what are infant mortality rates (IMR)?
A
the number of deaths of children aged 0 to 1 per 1000 live births
18
Q
what was the IMR for girls and boys in 1901 in England and Wales?
A
13.6% for girls and 16.6%
19
Q
what is the IMR now?
A
less than 0.5%
20
Q
what has happened to adult mortality?
A
decreased
21
Q
what has reduced mortality?
A
medical advancements in the second half of the 20th century
22
Q
what do these medical advancements include?
A
the introduction of vaccines, blood transfusions, antibiotics, better care for pregnant women
23
Q
what impact did these medical advancements have?
A
more people survived serious illness and childbirth
24
Q
when was the NHS created?
A
1948
25
what did the introduction of the NHS do?
make health care free and accessible to all
26
how did the government improve public health?
by regulating food and drinking-water quality and enforcing laws to improve cleanliness
27
what did improved public awareness of infections lead to?
a decline in disease
28
what did McKeown (1972) say led to an improvement in mortality rates?
better nutrition
29
why does McKeown (1972) say better nutrition led to an improvement in mortality rates?
people were more able to fight off infection
30
what do critics of McKeown point out?
cases of some diseases such as measles rose as nutrition improved
31
what is happening to the overall age of the UK population?
it is ageing
32
what is life expectancy?
the average length of time a person is expected to live
33
what has falling mortality rates led to?
increased life expectancy
34
what will 1 in 3 babies born in 2013 have a life expectancy of?
100
35
2 factors that have contributed to an increased life expectancy
1. falling infant mortality
2. public health
36
what is an ageing population?
when the number and proportion of older people increase which causes the median age of the population to increase
37
what fraction of the UK population is expected to be over 65 by 2035?
one quarter
38
how much has the proportion of over 85s increased since 1985?
it has doubled
39
2 factors that mean more people live past the age of 65
1. improvement in mortality rates
2. increasing life expectancy
40
what does the decline in fertility rates mean?
fewer children are being born
41
what is happening to the proportion of young people in the UK?
it is decreasing
42
what does the ageing population change in society?
the burden of care
43
who does society have a reponsibility to care for?
vulnerable people e.g., children and older people
44
what is the burden of care?
the responsibility to care for the vulnerable
45
what does the burden of care put pressure on?
resources
46
who does the burden of care shift towards in an ageing population?
older people
47
what is the dependency ratio?
the number of people who are not of working age, compared to the number of working-age people who can support them
48
how does the dependency ratio increase in an ageing population?
there is a decline in the proportion of working-age people
49
how old does Hirsch (2005) think people will have to work to contribute towards the cost of health and social care in later life?
into their 60s or 70s
50
who does Hirsch (2005) think single pensioners will have to compete with for housing?
single young people
51
what does the competition between pensioners and young people cause?
house prices to rise
52
what report did the government commission in the 80s?
the Griffiths report
53
what did the Griffiths report look at?
the long-term care of mentally ill, disabled and older members of society to make it more efficient
54
what did care of older people leaving hospital used to be carried out by?
NHS services
55
what is care of older people leaving hospital used now carried out by?
local council social services
56
what is this shift from the NHS to local council services a movement away from?
institutionalisation (placing people in group homes) towards care in the home
57
what has delivering more minor health and social care in the home improved?
the independence and comfort of older people who don't want to move into retirement homes or don't need 24-hour care
58
what 3 factors is poverty in old age linked to?
1. social class
2. gender
3. ageism
59
what is ageism?
discrimination against older people because of their age
60
what happens to ageism in ageing populations?
it increases
61
why does ageism increase in an ageing population?
the needs of older people are seen as a problem
62
what did Peter Townsend (1979) study?
poverty in the UK
63
what did Peter Townsend (1979) find there is a higher proprtion of in poverty?
a higher proportion of older people in poverty compared to younger people
64
why did Peter Townsend (1979) say there is a higher proportion of older people in poverty?
older people could no longer rely on income from employment
65
what type of jobs do people less likely to be in poverty in old age have during their working lives?
higher status jobs
66
what did Peter Townsend (1979) link this finding to?
social class
67
how did Peter Townsend (1979) link the status of jobs to social class?
people who were in poverty in throughout their working life were less likely to have saving and private pensions to support themselves in old age
68
what 2 factors does Pilcher (1995) say affects income in retirement
1. class
2. gender
69
why does Pilcher (1995) say gender affects income in retirement?
women often have smaller pensions because they might take time away from work to care for children
70
what happened to net migration since WW2?
it has increased
71
what is net migration?
the number of people moving into a country - the number moving away
72
what was the net migration in 2014-15 in the UK?
330,000
73
how much did the foreign-born population increase in England and Wales between 1991 and 2011?
it nearly doubled
74
why was there an increase in the Polish population after WW2?
a labour shortage prompted the government to encourage Polish soldiers to move to the UK
75
what did the British Nationality Act 1948 make it easier to do?
citizens of the British Commonwealth to settle in the UK
76
what did the British Nationality Act 1948 lead to a wave of?
mass immigration
77
what did mass immigration in the 90s outweigh?
emigration
78
what did the mass immigration in the 90s lead to?
an increase in net migration
79
what did war and political conflicts in South Africa, Afghanisatan and Iraq lead to an increase of?
applications for asylum (protection) in the UK
80
when did applications for asylum peak?
2002 at 84,000
81
when did new countries join the EU?
2004 and 2007
82
what was introduced after new countries joined the EU?
free movement
83
what is free movement?
allowing Europeans to move freely within the EU
84
how did the introduction free movement lead to increased net migration?
new EU migrants arrived in the UK
85
what has net migration affected the structure of?
society and families
86
what does the impact of net migration outweigh?
the impact of low fertility rates on population size in the UK
87
what age do migrants tend to be?
young and of working age
88
what does the young age of migrants decrease?
the average age of a country
89
what decreases the dependency ratio?
immigration
90
how does immigration decrease the dependency ratio?
by increasing the number of people able to support children and older people
91
who is fertility rate higher for?
mothers not born in the UK than mothers born in the UK
92
how does the fertility rate being higher for mothers not born in the UK increase the dependency ratio?
by increasing the number of children in the population
93
why is the impact of the dependency ratio temporary?
because children of migrants will reach working-age and go on to decrease the dependency ratio
94
what has led to an increase in multi-family households?
net migration
95
what has increased international migration?
globalisation
96
what is globalisation?
when nations become more connected and barriers separating societies are broken down
97
what does globalisation lead to?
more international migration and more diverse reasons for migration
98
what has happened to British society since the 90s?
it has become more ethnically diverse
99
how has immigration led to a multicultural society?
migrants have brought different cultures and religions to the UK
100
what does globalisation lead to different reasons for?
migration
101
what purposes were half of the visas granted by the UK government between 2014 and 2015 for?
educational purposes
102
what fraction of visas granted between 2014 and 2015 were to economic migrants?
one quarter
103
what are economic migrants?
people moving for work
104
what identity does Eriksen (2007) say migrants in a globalised world tend to form?
transnational identities
105
what is a transnational identity?
they don't belong to a single country but a network of countries across the world
106
what are people with transnational identities less likely to learn?
the language of a country or adapt to its culture (assimilate)
107
why are people with transnational identities less likely to assimilate?
they don't see it as a permanent home
108
why does immigration become a political issue?
governments have to decide whether to promote assimilation or multiculturalism
