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changing family patterns Flashcards

divorce, marriage, cohabitation, single-sex relationships, singlehood, childbearing, lone parenthood, reconstituted families, ethnicity and family patterns, the modern family and postmodern family today

1
Q

what do social trends indicate?

A

more variety of families and households

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2
Q

what are the 2 biggest increases in household types?

A

single-person households and lone-parent family households

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3
Q

what are the vast majority of lone-parent househoulds?

A

matrifocal

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4
Q

what does matrifocal mean?

A

families where women are the head

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5
Q

how much have single-person households increased by?

A

500,000 from 2003 to 2013

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6
Q

why is there an increase in single-person households?

A

the increasing number of divorce rates and a rise in people over 65 living alone

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7
Q

what is the fastest growing household type?

A

multi-family households

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8
Q

how much have multi-family households increased by?

A

56% between 2004 and 2014 to 313,000

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9
Q

what is the rise of multi-family households linked to?

A

the growing number of beanpole families

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10
Q

what is a beanpole family?

A

when grandparents live with their grown-up children and their grandchildren

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11
Q

COHABITATION

A
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12
Q

what is cohabitation?

A

an unmarried couple living together

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13
Q

what is happening to the number of couples cohabiting?

A

it is increasing

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14
Q

how many cohabiting couples are there in Britain?

A

2.9 million

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15
Q

3 reasons why people cohabit

A
  1. cohabitation is part of the process of getting married
  2. it is an alternative to marriage
  3. people enjoy the absence of legal ties
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16
Q

3 reasons why people cohabit

A
  1. changing attitudes
  2. effective contraception
  3. changes in divorce
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17
Q

why does changing attitudes lead to more cohabitation?

A

cohabitation is no longer seen as ‘living in sin’

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18
Q

why does effective contraception lead to more cohabitation?

A

as available contraception was made readily avaliable in 1967 to unmarried women it made it possible for couples to cohabit without fear of pregnancy

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19
Q

why does changes in divorce lead to more cohabitation?

A

the rise in divorce rate means divorce has less power and people may see cohabitation as an attractive alternative to marriage

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20
Q

what do new right theorists claim the rise in cohabitation is responsible for?

A

the decline in marriage rates and the traditional nuclear family

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21
Q

why do new right theorists think the rise in cohabitation is problematic?

A

because they claim cohabitation is less stable than marriage

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22
Q

what does Morgan say about cohabitation?

A

cohabiting couples are less happy and less fulfilled than married couples, more likely to be abusive, unfaithful, stressed and depressed

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23
Q

DIVORCE

A
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24
Q

what is divorce?

A

the legal termination of marriage

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25
Q

what is separation?

A

a married couple who end their relationship and live in separate residents but remain legally married

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26
Q

what is an empty-shell marriage?

A

the couple share the same residence, remain legally married, but their marriage exists in name only

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27
Q

what is the divorce rate?

A

the number of divorces per thousand people in a given year

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28
Q

what happened to marriage rates in 1930-2010?

A

they decreased

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29
Q

what happened to divorce rates in 1930-2010?

A

they increased

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30
Q

when was there a peak in the number of marriages?

A

1942

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31
Q

how many marriages were there in 2010?

A

3,400

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32
Q

when was there a peak in the number of divorces?

A

1993

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33
Q

what was the divorce rate in 1993?

A

165,000

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34
Q

what has happened to the number of divorce rates in recent years?

A

they have decreased

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35
Q

why have the divorce rates decreased in recent years?

A

less marriages = less divorces

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36
Q

what % of marriages end in divorce?

A

40%

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37
Q

4 types of couples who’s marriage is more likely to end in divorce?

A
  1. who marry young
  2. who have a child before they marry
  3. who cohabit before marriage
  4. where one or both partners have been married before
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38
Q

5 reasons for the rise in divorce rate

A
  1. changes in the law
  2. declining stigma and changing attitudes
  3. secularisation
  4. rising expectations of marriage
  5. changes in the position of women
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39
Q

how have changes in the law led to an increase in divorce?

A

before 1857, divorce was virtually non-existent and only available through an act of parliament

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40
Q

2 changes in the law that have led to a rise in the divorce rate

A
  1. divorce reform act 1969
  2. divorce dissolution and separation act 2020
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41
Q

what is the divorce reform act 1969?

A

defined the grounds of divorce as the ‘irretrievable breakdown’ of marriage which means guilt no longer had to be proven

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42
Q

what did the divorce dissolution and separation act 2020 do?

A

reform the divorce process to remove the concept of fault

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43
Q

how has deciling stigma and changing attitudes lead to a rise in the divorce rate?

A

couples were less likely to stay together in order to keep up appearances and avoid the stigma and shame attached to divorce

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44
Q

what has the rising divorce rate led to?

A

the normalisation of divorce

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45
Q

what does the normalisation of divorce lead to according to Crockett and Tripp (1994)?

A

makes divorce more acceptable as a means of dealing with a failed marriage

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46
Q

how has secularisation led to a rise in the divorce rate?

A

religion’s traditional view of divorce carries less weight so people are less likely to be influenced by religious teachings

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47
Q

how has rising expectations of marriage led to a rise in the divorce rate?

A

people are expect more from marriage so are less likely to put up with an unhappy marriage and end it with divorce

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48
Q

what kind of love has Giddens (1992) seen a trend towards?

A

confluent love

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49
Q

what is confluent love?

A

focuses on intimacy, closeness and emotion

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50
Q

why do relationships based on confluent love last longer?

A

as partners find satisfaction and fulfilment

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51
Q

why has changes in the position of women led to a rise in divorce rate?

A

women are more likely to be able to support themselves in the event o divorce as more are in paid work

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52
Q

why do feminists see marriage as patriarchal?

A

men benefit from their wives ‘triple shift’ of paid work, domestic work and emotion work

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53
Q

what do the new right think of the high divorce rate?

A

it is undesirable

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54
Q

why do the new right think the high divorce rate is undesirable?

A

it undermines marriage and the traditional nuclear family which are vital for social stability

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55
Q

what do the new right think a high divorce rate leads to?

A

a growing underclass of welfare-dependent female lone parents who are a burden on the state which leaves boys without the adult male role model they need

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56
Q

what do feminists think about the high divorce rate?

A

it is desirable

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57
Q

why do feminists think the high divorce rate is desirable?

A

because it shows women are breaking free from the oppression of the nuclear family and patriarchal oppression

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58
Q

what do postmodernists say the high divorce rate shows?

A

individuals now have the freedom to choose to end a relationship when it no longer meets their needs

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59
Q

what do functionalists think about the high divorce rate?

A

it isn’t a threat to marriage as a social institution

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60
Q

what do functionalists say the high divorce rate is a result of?

A

people’s higher expectations of marriage (Fletcher)

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61
Q

what do functionalists say the high rate of re-marriage shows?

A

people’s continuing commitment to the idea of marriage

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62
Q

what do interactionists say we should aim to understand about the high divorce rate?

A

what divorce means to the individual. Morgan (1996) says we can’t generalise about the meaning of divorce as every individuals interpretation is different

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63
Q

what does the personal life perspective say the high divorce rate can cause?

A

problems such as financial difficulties especially for women

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64
Q

what does Carol Smart (2011) (personal life) argue about the high divorce rate?

A

divorce has become normalised and family life can adapt to it without disintegrating

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65
Q

PARTNERSHIPS AND MARRIAGE

A
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66
Q

what is marriage?

A

the formal, legal union pof 2 people

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67
Q

what is first marriage?

A

a marriage in which neither partner has been married before

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68
Q

what is remarriage?

A

a marriage in which one or both partners have been married before

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69
Q

what are the 4 key trends in marriage that sociologists are interested in?

A
  1. fewer people are marrying in the UK
  2. remarriages have increased
  3. people are marrying later
  4. couples are less likely to get married in a church
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70
Q

4 reasons why people are choosing to marry in recent years

A
  1. changing attitudes to marriage
  2. declining stigma attached to alternatives to marriage
  3. changes in women’s position
  4. fear of divorce
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71
Q

why has changing attitudes to marriage led to a decrease in marriage?

A

there is more diversity and the quality of the relationship is seen as more important than its legal status

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72
Q

why has declining stigma attached to alternatives to marriage led to a decrease in marriage?

A

traditional attitudes towards marriage and cohabitation hold less influence over relationships

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73
Q

why has changes in women’s position led to a decrease in marriage?

A

women are more independent and go to work and there are many alternatives to marriage for women

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74
Q

why has fear of divorce led to a decrease in marriage?

A

a high divorce rate has put people off getting married for fear it could happen to them

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75
Q

in 2012, what fraction of marriages were remarriages?

A

one third

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76
Q

3 reasons why there has been an increase in remarriages

A
  1. more divorces
  2. rising expectations of marriage
  3. increase in the number of divorce rates
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77
Q

what is the average age of first marriage in 2012 for men and women?

A

32 for men and 30 for women

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78
Q

2 reasons why people are getting married at a higher age than in the past

A
  1. more people are going through full-time education and prioritise their career
  2. people cohabit before getting married
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79
Q

what was the % of couples who got married in a church in 1981?

A

60%

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80
Q

what was the % of couples who got married in a church in 2013?

A

28%

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81
Q

2 reasons why less people are getting married in a church

A
  1. secularisation
  2. some churches may refuse to remarry divorcees, or divorcees may have less desire to marry in church
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82
Q

SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS

A
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83
Q

what % of the adult population have same-sex relationships?

A

5.7%

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84
Q

why is it difficult measure the increase of same-sex relationships?

A

because in the past, stigma and illegality meant that these relationships were more likely to be hidden

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85
Q

when were male homosexual acts decriminalised for adults over 21?

A

1967

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86
Q

what has the age of consent since been lowered to?

A

16

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87
Q

what were cohabiting couples given in 2002?

A

the same right to adopt and married couples

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88
Q

since when have same-sex couples been able to marry?

A

2014

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89
Q

what does Jeffrey Weeks (1999) argue increased social acceptance has led to?

A

a trend towards same-sex cohabitation and stable relationships

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90
Q

what does Weeks see homosexuals as creating families based on?

A

friendship and kinship

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91
Q

what does Weeks call this type of family?

A

chosen families

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92
Q

what does Weeks say chosen families offer?

A

the same security and stability as heterosexual families

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93
Q

what does Kath Weston describe same-sex cohabitation as?

A

quasi-marriage

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94
Q

what does Anna Einasdottir say homosexuals fear about marriage?

A

it may limit the flexibility and negotiability of relationships

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95
Q

ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS

A
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96
Q

how much has the number of people living alone increased by?

A

a fifth from 6.8 million in 1999 to 8.2 million in 2019

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97
Q

what is the increase of one-person households driven by?

A

the growth in numbers of men living alone predominantly aged 45 to 64

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98
Q

3 reasons why there is an increase in men living alone

A
  1. higher proportions of men than women never marry
  2. men marry at older ages than women and marry women younger than themselves
  3. partnership dissolution has led to men living alone while women may live with children from the relationship
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99
Q

what % of one-person households are over 65

A

40%

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100
Q

what has an increae in led to a rise in one-person households?

A

an increase in separation and divorce

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101
Q

why does an increase in separation and divorce led to an increase in one-person households?

A

because following divorce children are more likely to live with their mother

102
Q

how many adults are ‘living apart together’ (LATs)?

A

1 in 20

103
Q

what are LATs?

A

couples in a significant relationship but aren’t married or cohabiting

104
Q

what does the increase in LATs reflect?

A

a trend towards less formalised relationships and ‘families of choice’

105
Q

what did Duncan and Phillips say plays a part in whether couples live together?

A

choice and constraint

106
Q

what are public attitudes towards LATs?

A

favourable

107
Q

what % see LATs as their ideal relationship?

A

20%

108
Q

CHILDBEARING

A
109
Q

4 key patterns in childbearing

A
  1. an increasing number of births outside marriage
  2. women have children later in life
  3. women have fewer children than in the 20th century
  4. more women remain childless
110
Q

what was the number of births outside marriage in 1900?

A

4%

111
Q

what is the number of births outside marriage today?

A

47%

112
Q

what couples have most of the births outside marriage been to?

A

cohabiting couples

113
Q

how much has the average woman’s age at the birth increased?

A

by 4 years in the 70s to 28.1 in 2012

114
Q

how much has the average number of children per woman decreased?

A

2.95 in 1964 to 1.94 in 2010

115
Q

what fraction of those born in 1974 will be childless when they reach the age of 45?

A

one quarter

116
Q

4 reasons for changes in childbearing trends?

A
  1. changing attitudes
  2. control of births
  3. changing opportunities for women
  4. changing values
117
Q

how have changing attitudes towards childbearing changed?

A

there is greater tolerance of births outside marriage than in the past

118
Q

how were unmarried mothers described in the 50s?

A

‘psychologically disturbed’

119
Q

how were births outside marriages defined as?

A

‘illegitimate’

120
Q

how has control of births led to a change in childbearing?

A

reliable contraception was made available on the NHS in 1967 to all women so it’s possible for women to control the number of births they want

121
Q

how has changing opportunities for women led to a change in childbearing?

A

women have other options than mother hood e.g., university, paid employment, careers

122
Q

how has changing values led to a change in childbearing?

A

there has been an increasing emphasis on individual freedom, right to choose and personal fulfilment

123
Q

LONE PARENT FAMILIES

A
124
Q

what is a lone parent family?

A

a mother or father without a partner, with their dependent child/ren

125
Q

what % of families do lone-parent families make up?

A

25%

126
Q

what % of lone-parent families are headed by women?

A

90%

127
Q

4 ways lone-parents become lone-parents

A
  1. the ending of a marriage
  2. the ending of a cohabitation
  3. birth to a never married, single woman
  4. death of a partner
128
Q

4 reasons for the increase in lone-parent families

A
  1. increase in the divorce rate
  2. cohabitation break up
  3. non-cohabiting never-married mothers
  4. change in attitudes
129
Q

how has an increase in the divorce rate led to an increase in lone-parent families?

A

more married couples are breaking up, the amount of single parent families increases

130
Q

how has cohabitation break up led to an increase in lone-parent families?

A

cohabiting couples separate and if they’ve had children, a single parent family will be created

131
Q

how does non-cohabiting never-married mothers led to an increase in lone-parent families?

A

these are single women who had pregnant and have a child/ren which have increased due to a change in social attitudes

132
Q

how has changing attitudes led to an increase in lone-parent families?

A

there is greater tolerance of births outside marriage and the stigma has reduced

133
Q

what do the new right think about lone-parent families?

A

there’s no father present to discipline the children which leads to under-achievement at school

134
Q

what does Charles Murray (1984) claim about lone mothers?

A

they become ‘married to the state’ and become dependent on state benefits

135
Q

what does Murray say is the solution to welfare dependent mothers?

A

abolish welfare benefits which reduces the dependency culture that encourages births outside of marriage

136
Q

what did Ford and Millar (1998) say about the new right arguments about state benefits and lone parents?

A

it is flawed as most experience poverty, debt, and material hardship

137
Q

what do feminists say lone-parenthood usually means?

A

lone-mothers

138
Q

what do feminists argue that an increase in lone-parenthood indicates?

A

women have the freedom to choose and can escape male domination

139
Q

why do feminists think lone-parenthood is labelled negatively?

A

because it doesn’t fit the family ideology of the traditional nuclear family

140
Q

what do feminists say the new right ignore?

A

single parenthood may be preferrable to the domestic violence that is inflicted by some husbands

141
Q

what did Burghes and Brown (1995) study?

A

teenage single mothers

142
Q

what research methods did Burghes and Brown (1995) use?

A

a qualitative study using unstrutured interviews

143
Q

how many p’s were there

A

31 teen mothers who had never been married

144
Q

what views did most of the p’s express?

A

anti-abortion views

145
Q

what did most of the p’s report about their experience of lone motherhood?

A

a mixture of hard work and enormous joy

146
Q

RECONSTITUTED FAMILIES

A
147
Q

what is a reconstituted family?

A

a married or cohabiting family with dependent children, one or more of whom is from a previous relationship

148
Q

what are the main causes of reconstituted families?

A

divorce and remarriage

149
Q

what % of families with dependent children were reconstituted families?

A

10%

150
Q

what do an increasing number of children experience?

A

co-parenting

151
Q

what is co-parenting?

A

when children spend half their week with their mothher and half their week with their father

152
Q

what did Ferri and Smith (1998) say reconstituted families are similar to?

A

first families

153
Q

what did they say stepfamilies are at a greater risk of?

A

poverty

154
Q

when are reconstituted families formed?

A

when lone parents form new partnerships

155
Q

what % of children come from the woman’s previous relationship in reconstituted families?

A

85%

156
Q

why do more children come from the woman’s relationship in reconstituted families?

A

because when couples break up, children are more likely to remain with their mother

157
Q

why are reconsituted families at greater risk of poverty?

A

there are often more children

158
Q

what are tensions faced by reconstituted families the result of?

A

a lack of clear social norms about how individuals should behave in such families

159
Q

ETHNICITY AND THE FAMILY TODAY

A
160
Q

what ethnicity is most likely to be married?

A

asian and asian british (88%)

161
Q

what ethnicity is least likely to be cohabiting?

A

asian and asian british (1%)

162
Q

what ethnicity is least likely to be married?

A

black and black british (43%)

163
Q

what ethnicity is most likely to cohabit?

A

white (16%)

164
Q

what has helped to create greater ethnic diversity?

A

immigration into Britain

165
Q

what % of the UK population were white according to the 2011 census?

A

86%

166
Q

what % of the UK population were asian or asian british according to the 2011 census?

A

7.5%

167
Q

what % of the UK population were black or black british according to the 2011 census?

A

3.3%

168
Q

what % of the UK population were mixed according to the 2011 census?

A

2.2%

169
Q

what % of the UK population were white according to the 2021 census?

A

81%

170
Q

what % of the UK population were asian or asian british according to the 2021 census?

A

9.3%

171
Q

what % of the UK population were black or black british according to the 2021 census?

A

4%

172
Q

what % of the UK population were mixed according to the 2021 census?

A

2.9%

173
Q

what ethnicity are more likely to have larger households than those of any other ethnic groups?

A

bangladeshi, pakistani and indian

174
Q

how many generations do asian households sometimes contain?

A

3

175
Q

what type of household are asian families likely to be?

A

nuclear

176
Q

what are larger asian households partly the result of?

A

the younger age profile of british asians, since a higher population are in the childbering age groups compared to the population as a whole

177
Q

what religious or ethnic groups are most likely to live in extended family units?

A

sikhs, hindus and muslims

178
Q

what did richard berthoud find in his study about asian people?

A

they tend to be more traditional in their family values than white people in britain

179
Q

what did berthoud claim there is evidence of?

A

attitude to the family role of women differ between asian groups

180
Q

what do black caribbean and black african families have a higher proportion of?

A

lone-parent households

181
Q

what are 3 things berthoud (1999) find out african caribbeans have?

A
  1. the lowest marriage rate
  2. the highest propotion of single never married mothers
  3. the highest divorce rate
182
Q

what is one reason for these statistics?

A

male unemployment and poverty meant that black men are less able to provide for their family

183
Q

what does berthoud (2003) suggest young african caribbean women is characterised by?

A

modern individualism

184
Q

what are 2 reasons why young african caribbean women are choosing to bring up children alone?

A
  1. african caribbean women are more likely to be employed than african caribbean men
  2. african caribbean single mothers are suported by an extended kinship network such as family friends
185
Q

what ethnicity did Lucinda Platt (2009) is more likely to intermarry with members of another ethnic group?

A

african caribbean, especially white people

186
Q

what fraction of african caribbean children live with 2 black parents?

A

one-quarter

187
Q

what does Ali (2002) note that dual-heritage families result in?

A

inter-ethnic families and mixed-race children

188
Q

how much has the number of children of caribbean heritage and one white parent risen by?

A

39% to 49%

189
Q

in contrast, what % of indians are in mixed-race marriages?

A

11%

190
Q

THE EXTENDED FAMILY TODAY

A
191
Q

what is an extended family?

A

a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption extended beyond the nuclear family

192
Q

3 ways the family may be extended?

A
  1. vertically e.g., grandparents
  2. horizontally e.g., aunts, uncles, cousins
  3. both
193
Q

what do functionalists see the extended family as?

A

the dominant family type in pre-industrial society

194
Q

what did Nickie Charles (2008) find about the classic 3 generational family?

A

it is all but extinct

195
Q

what is a granny flat?

A

when adult children are caring for an aged parent

196
Q

what is happening to granny flats?

A

they are experiencing to revival

197
Q

what is the growth in the number of extended families the result of?

A

ecnomic pressures

198
Q

what do economic pressures mean?

A

parents and their adult children may not have the economic resources to pay for private residential care homes

199
Q

what does Peter Willmott (1988) say the extended family continues to exist as?

A

a dispersed extended family

200
Q

what is a dispersed extended family?

A

where relatives are geographically separated but maintain frequent contact through visits and phone calls

201
Q

what are multiple nuclear families?

A

families that are geographically dispersed but continue to provide support

202
Q

why does Chamberlain suggest the extended family survives?

A

because it performs important functions for its members

203
Q

what type of help is more frequent among the m/c?

A

financial help from father to son

204
Q

what type of help is more common among the w/c?

A

domestic help from mother to daughter

205
Q

what is a beanpole family?

A

a nuclear family with 1 or 2 children who maintain regular contact with grandparents and great grandparents

206
Q

what are 4 factors Julia Brannen (2003) say has led to the emergence of four-generational families?

A
  1. the ageing population
  2. women pursuing a career
  3. decline in fertility
  4. availability of divorce
207
Q

what are beanpole families less likely to experience?

A

horizontal intragenerational ties

208
Q

what happens when family size shrinks?

A

the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren becomes more intense

209
Q

what is there a growing recognition that families benefit from?

A

the presence of grandparents as grandparents today live longer

210
Q

MODERNISM AND THE NUCLEAR FAMILY

A
211
Q

what does modernist mean?

A

they see modern society as having a fairly fixed, clear cut and predictable structure

212
Q

2 examples of modernist perspectives

A

functionalists and the new right

213
Q

what family type do they see as the best?

A

the nuclear family

214
Q

how does Parsons argue the nuclear family is uniquely suited to modern society?

A

for a workplace that is geographically and socially mobile

215
Q

what 2 functions does the nuclear family provide according to Parsons?

A
  1. primary socialisation
  2. the stabalisation of adult personalities
216
Q

what do the new right think the best way for children to be socialised is?

A

the nuclear family

217
Q

what does chester see the only important change to family diversity is?

A

a move from the dominance of the traditional or conventional nuclear family to the neo-conventional family

218
Q

what is the neo-conventional family?

A

a dual-earner family in which both spouses go to work

219
Q

why does chester argue most people aren’t choosing to live in alternative family types?

A

the nuclear family is the ideal which most people aspire for

220
Q

why does Chester argue many people are not part of a nuclear family at one time?

A

due to the life cycle e.g., people who live in a one-person household are either part of a nuclear family or will be in the future

221
Q

why are statistics on household composition misleading?

A

they are a snapshot of a single moment in time

222
Q

2 patterns identified by Chester that shows little has changed in family patterns

A
  1. most people live in a household headed by a married couple
  2. most marriage continue until death
223
Q

what family type does Chester see as dominant?

A

the nuclear family

224
Q

why does Chester call the modern nuclear family the neo-convential family?

A

it is still a nuclear family but roles are now more equal

225
Q

how does Chester’s study support functionalists and the new right?

A

Chester sees the nuclear family as dominant

226
Q

how does Chester’s study criticise functionalists and the new right?

A

he doesn’t see family diversity as significant

227
Q

what do Rappaport and Rappaport (1982) believe we have moved away from?

A

the traditional nuclear family

228
Q

what do Rappaport and Rappaport (1982) believe we have moved towards?

A

a range of family types to adapt a pluralistic society

229
Q

what do Rappaport and Rappaport (1982) claim family diversity represents?

A

greater freedom of choice as a response to people’s different needs and
wishes

230
Q

what 5 types of family diversity did Rappaport and Rappaport (1982) identify?

A
  1. organisational diversity
  2. cultural diversity
  3. social class diversity
  4. life stage diversity
  5. generational diversity
231
Q

what is organisational diversity?

A

the different ways families are organised e.g., nuclear family, extended family

232
Q

what is cultural diversity?

A

differences from the different norms and values of different cultures

233
Q

what is social class diversity?

A

different views held by people with households of different social classes

234
Q

what is life-stage diversity?

A

diversity caused by the different stages people have reached in their lives

235
Q

what is generational diversity?

A

older and younger generations have different attitudes and experiences that reflect the historical periods they lived

236
Q

one strength of Rappaport and Rappaport (1982)

A

they acknowledge how diverse families can be today

237
Q

one weakness of Rappaport and Rappaport (1982)

A

postmodernists argue they don’t go far enough in recognising the ways families can be diverse

238
Q

POSTMODERNITY AND THE FAMILY TODAY

A
239
Q

3 features of the modern world

A
  • predictable
  • orderly stucture
  • clear expectations
240
Q

2 features of the late modern world

A
  • increase in choice and diversity
  • less predictable
241
Q

3 features of the postmodern world

A
  • family structures are fragmented
  • more choice
  • risk and uncertainty
242
Q

one advantage of the greater choice and diversity in family life

A

gives individuals more choice to choose the kind of family and personal relationships that meet their needs

243
Q

one disadvantage of the greater choice and diversity in family life

A

greater choice means a greater risk of instability, since these relationships are more likely to break up

244
Q

how does Stacey argue more choice has benefitted women?

A

it allows them to escape the patriarchy and create new types of family that better suit their needs

245
Q

how does Giddens (1992) argue there’s a more equal relationship between men and women?

A

contraception and feminism

246
Q

what does Beck (1992) argue the type of society we live in?

A

a risk society

247
Q

what is a risk society?

A

a society where people have more choice which contrasts with an earlier time where roles were fixed

248
Q

what does Beck and Beck-Gernshein (1995) argue greater gender equality and individualism has led to?

A

a new family called the negotiated family

249
Q

what is the negotiated family?

A

where a family vary according to the wishes and expectations of the members

250
Q

what does Jeffrey Weeks (2000) argue there has been a greater acceptance of?

A

sexual and family diversity

251
Q

one criticism of the personal life perspective of diversity

A

it exaggerates how much choice people have about family relationships today

families and households (6 decks)

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