changes in family structure Flashcards

1
Q

what did Parsons say changed family structure?

A

industrialisation

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2
Q

what are the 2 basic types of family structure?

A

extended and nuclear

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3
Q

what are the 2 basic types of society?

A

pre-industrial society and industrial society

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4
Q

what is pre-industrial society?

A

society before industrialisation. it is largely agricultural amd work centres on home, farm, village and market

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5
Q

what is industrial society?

A

society during and after industrialisation. work centres on factories and production of goods in cities

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6
Q

what does Parsons say becomes dominant in industrial society?

A

nuclear families

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7
Q

what family is most common in pre-industrial society?

A

the extended family

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8
Q

what family is most common in industrial society?

A

the nuclear family

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9
Q

what do functionalists say changed the function of the family?

A

industrialisation

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10
Q

why does Parsons think the dominant family structure changed?

A

because it was more useful for industrial society

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11
Q

what are functions of the family in pre-industrial society taken over by?

A

the state in industrial society e.g., policing, healthcare, education

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12
Q

what can the nuclear family focus on?

A

its functions of socialisation

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13
Q

what does the family socialise children into?

A

the roles, values and norms of industrialised society

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14
Q

what does Parsons describe the industrial nuclear family as?

A

isolated

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15
Q

what does it mean to be isolated?

A

it has few ties with local kinship and economic systems. this means the family can easily move to where the work is (geographical mobility)

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16
Q

what else do functionalists say industrialisation changed?

A

roles and status in the family

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17
Q

how was status given in pre-industrial society?

A

ascribed

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18
Q

what is an ascribed status?

A

status decided at birth by the family they were born into

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19
Q

how is status given in industrial society?

A

achieved

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20
Q

what is an achieved status?

A

status decided by their success outisde the family

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21
Q

how is greater social mobility achieved?

A

the nuclear family allows individuals to achieve status and position without conflict. it’s ok for an individual too achieve higher or lower status than previous generation

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22
Q

what role do men and women have according to Parsons?

A

instrumental and expressive

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23
Q

why do these roles come about according to Parsons?

A

they’re most effective for society

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24
Q

what are functionalists critised for?

A

seeing the modern nuclear family as superior

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25
Q

what are the 3 stages of family according to Willmott and Young?

A
  1. pre-industrial
  2. early industrial
  3. privatised nuclear
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26
Q

what is the pre-industrial stage?

A

family works together as an economic production unit. work and home are combine

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27
Q

what is the early industrial stage?

A

extended family is broken up as individuals leave home to work. women at home have strong extended kinship networks

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28
Q

what is the privatised nuclear stage?

A

family based on consumption, not production - buying things, not making things. nuclear family is focused on its personal relationships and lifestyle. called ‘the symmetrical family’ - husband and wife have joint roles

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29
Q

what is a key point of the symmetrical family?

A

the idea that both partners work either part-time or full-time. the econnomic contribution of men and women is equally important

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30
Q

what did Helen Wilkinson (1994) argue about the increasing numbers of women working?

A

an increasing number of women are working because the economy has moved away from the historically male-dominated industrial sector towards the traditionally female-dominated service sector

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31
Q

what has happened to women’s attitudes towards work and family?

A

they have undergone a ‘genderquake’

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32
Q

what did women between the ages of 16-35 see as more important than having children in the 90s?

A

work and education

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33
Q

what have women gained in the faimly through employment?

A

economic influence

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34
Q

how does women having economic influence change the structure of the family?

A

because the traditional gender roles within the family are broken down

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35
Q

in 2012, according to a survey of social attitudes what did 41% of women and 36% of men believe was the ideal way to structure a family with dependent children?

A

for men to work full-time and women to work part-time

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36
Q

what have Willmott and Young been criticised for?

A

assuming that family life has got better as structure adapts to modern society.

37
Q

what is social policy?

A

a plan or action of government or institutional agencies which aim to imporive or reform society

38
Q

what is legislation?

A

a law or set of laws that have been passed by parliament

39
Q

what is a law?

A

a formal rule that applies to everyone

40
Q

what is a direct social policy?

A

laws and policies that have been created to influence families and family life

41
Q

what is an indirect social policy?

A

laws and policies that are aimed at other areas of society but have an influence on the family

42
Q

what is the 1967 abortion act?

A

legalised abortion through the NHS up to 24 weeks

43
Q

what government was the 1967 abortion act introduced by?

A

liberal democrats

44
Q

is the 1967 abortion act a direct / indirect policy?

A

direct policy

45
Q

what impact does the 1967 abortion act have on families?

A

increase in choice and decline in birth rates

46
Q

what is compulsory education?

A

from age 5 up to 18 children are expected to be in full time education / training

47
Q

what government was compulsory education introduced by?

A

liberal party

48
Q

is compulsory education a direct / indirect policy?

A

indirect policy

49
Q

what impact does compulsory education have on families?

A
  • skills for the workplace
  • secndary socialisation
  • childcare
50
Q

what is the equal marriage act 2014?

A

heterosexual and homosexual relationships are given the same status and legal rights in marriage

51
Q

what governemt was the equal marriage act 2014 intrduced by?

A

labour partyi

52
Q

is the equal marriage act 2014 a direct / indirect policy?

A

direct policy

53
Q

what impact does the equal marriage act 2014 have on families?

A
  • more marriages and same sex marriages
  • greater diversity
  • donors can be included so a child may have 3 parents
54
Q

what is the divorce reform act 1969?

A

made divorce easier through the ‘irretrievable breakdown’ option. also made the divorce process cheaper

55
Q

what government was the divorce reform act 1969 introduced by?

A

labour party

56
Q

is the divorce reform act 1969 a direct / indirect policy?

A

direct policy

57
Q

what impact does the divorce reform act 1969 have on families?

A
  • easier to get a divorce so people don’t have to stay in an unhappy relationship
  • don’t have to prove anything went wrong
  • divorce takes months rather than years
58
Q

what is the divorce, dissolution and separation act 2020?

A

removes the ability to make allegations; allowing couples to end their marriage jointly

59
Q

what government was the divorce, dissolution and separation act 2020 introduced by?

A

conservative

60
Q

is the the divorce, dissolution and separation act 2020 a direct / indirect policy?

A

direct policy

61
Q

what impact does the divorce, dissolution and separation act 2020 have on families?

A
  • make divorce easier for both people as they don’t have to place any blame
  • children moving inbetween parents and households, could be disruptive and have an emotional impact
  • more diverse family structures e.g., step families
62
Q

what is the equal pay act 1970?

A

made it ilegal for employers to pay women less for the same job as men

63
Q

what government was the equal pay act 1970 introduced by?

A

labour

64
Q

is the equal pay act 1970 a direct / indirect policy?

A

indirect policy

65
Q

what impact does the equal pay act 1970 have on families?

A
  • financially dependent women, becoming breadwinners
66
Q

what is the equality act 2010?

A

legally protects many characteristics at work and in wider society

67
Q

what government was the equality act 2010 introduced by?

A

labour

68
Q

is the equality act 2010 a direct / indirect policy?

A

indirect policy

69
Q

what impact does the equality act 2010 have on families?

A
  • more choice e.g., in relationships
70
Q

what view have functionalists taken on social policy?

A

a positive view

71
Q

what do functionalists say the welfare state takes pressure off?

A

the family with regard to education and health care, and allows the family to concentrate in socialisation and nurturing

72
Q

what do functionalists say the welfare state allows the family to do?

A

concentrate on key functions

73
Q

an example of the welfare state and the family working alongside each other?

A

when a family member becomes ill, they can be cured in hospital and then cared for in the family

74
Q

what view does the new right take on the welfare state?

A

a negative view

75
Q

why does the new right take a negative view on the welfare state?

A

they see them as undermining the traditional nuclear family

76
Q

why are they critical of welfare benefits that are given to single-parent families?

A

they believe they encourage women to get pregnant, knowing the state will look after them and their child

77
Q

why are the new right critical of divorce laws?

A

they believe divorce is too easy, and people need to be encouraged to work on their marriage and not take the ‘easy option’ of divorce

78
Q

what view do feminists take on social policy?

A

a mixed view

79
Q

why do feminists like social policies?

A

they welcome support for single parents as most of them are women. they may have left abusive marriages and should be supported by the state

80
Q

why are divorce and domestic abuse laws welcomed by feminists?

A

they enable women to free themselves from patriarchal control

81
Q

what do radical feminists see social policy as?

A

sexist and stereotypical

82
Q

what is an example of social policy being sexist and stereotypical?

A

the payment of child benefit is usually to the women, which assumes they are the primary carer

83
Q

what do marxists focus on when looking at social policies?

A

the inequalities

84
Q

what do marxists have differing views on?

A

some social policies such as free education, health care and the welfare state are the result of class struggle

85
Q

what do others see social policies as?

A

‘smokescreens’ to make life appear bettwe.

86
Q

what does Jacques Donzelot see policy as?

A

a form of state power over families

87
Q

what does Donzelot use Foucalt’s concept of?

A

surveillance

88
Q

what does Donzelot interested in?

A

how professionals carry out surveillance of families, for example, social workers and doctors use their knowledge to control and change families

89
Q

what are poor families more likely to be seen as?

A

problem families