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families and households > childhood > Flashcards

childhood Flashcards

1
Q

what stage of development do sociologists see childhood?

A

a biological stage of development

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2
Q

what type of construct do sociologists see childhood as?

A

a social construct

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3
Q

how is childhood not universal?

A

the idea of how children are different from adults in their values, behaviour and attitudes isn’t the same everywhere in the world

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4
Q

what is an example of childhood being a social construct?

A

minimum legal age for marriage in Britain rose from 12 to 16

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5
Q

what did Jane Pilcher (1995) highlight about childhood?

A

the separateness of childhood from other life phases

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6
Q

how are children regulated and protected?

A

through laws

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7
Q

what did Aries (1962) say developed after industrialisation?

A

a cult of childhood

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8
Q

what did Aries (1962) look at in his study?

A

paintings

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9
Q

when did Aries (1962) say childhood in Westeren Society began?

A

300 years ago

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10
Q

what role in society did Aries (1962) find children play in medieval society?

A

the role of an adult

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11
Q

when were children allowed to take on the role of an adult according to Aries (1962)?

A

as soon as they were physically able

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12
Q

how did Aries (1962) describe the children in medieval paintings?

A

mini-adults

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12
Q

what did Aries (1962) say changed after industrialisation?

A

social attitudes

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13
Q

how did Aries (1962) say people viewed children after industrialisation?

A

valued as needing specialised care and nurturing

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14
Q

what did Aries (1962) say the importance of the child reinforced?

A

the importance of the housewife

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15
Q

what class did Aries (1962) say the ‘cult of the child’ first developed in?

A

m/c but then became part of w/c values

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16
Q

why does Pollack (1983) say Aries (1962) work is weak?

A

it uses paintings for its main evidence

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17
Q

what do functionalists see the position of children as a sign of?

A

a sign of progress

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18
Q

what does Shorter (1975) make the argument of?

A

the march of progress

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19
Q

what do 2 things functionalists think society has a functional need for?

A

better-education citizens and lower infant mortality rates

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20
Q

what do functionalists say has improved due to school leaving ages increasing?

A

child protection has improved

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21
Q

what do functionalists say the current position of children is the result of?

A

positive progression from the past

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22
Q

how has the status of children changed?

A

society is more child-focused

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23
Q

how does Donzelot (1977) say child development changed in the 19th century?

A

they began to argue children needed to be protected and supervised

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24
Q

what did Donzelot (1977) the changing of child development to?

A

the growing medical interest in childhood development

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25
Q

what has happened to the infant mortality rate since the early 20th century

A

it has dramatically decreased

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26
Q

what was the IMR in 1901?

A

150

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27
Q

what was the IMR in 2012?

A

3.9

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28
Q

what is happening to the size of families?

A

they are getting smaller

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29
Q

why are family sizes getting smaller?

A

fewer children die in infancy

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30
Q

what is being spent more on children in the family and wider society?

A

more attention and money

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31
Q

what does the ‘march of progress’ argument suggest?

A

that families are becoming more child-focused

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32
Q

what does it mean that families are becoming more child-focused?

A

parents want a better life for their children than they have experienced themselves

33
Q

3 things that laws restrict children from doing

A
  1. their sexual behaviour
  2. their access to alcohol and tobacco
  3. the amount of paid work they can perform
34
Q

what does the Children Act 1989 allow?

A

for children to be taken away from their parents by the state if it judges the parents to be incapable or unsuitable

35
Q

what does the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) argue children need?

A

greater protection

36
Q

how many children aged 11-17 did an NSPCC report by Radford et al (2011) find experienced sexual abuse in the UK?

A

1 in 20

37
Q

how many children aged 11-17 did an NSPCC report by Radford et al (2011) find experienced physical abuse in the UK?

A

1 in 14

38
Q

how do child liberationists see society as oppressive to children?

A

they see increased protection of children and their separation from adult life as oppressive

39
Q

what does Diana Gittins (1985) argue there is?

A

an age patriarchy

40
Q

what is an age patriarchy?

A

adults maintain authority over children

41
Q

how do adults achieve an age patriarchy?

A

using enforced dependency through protection from paid employment, legal controls over what children can and can’t do, and in extreme cases abuse and neglect

42
Q

what do Hockey and James (1993) say many children wish about childhood?

A

it’s a stage most children wished to escape from and many restricted

43
Q

what are 3 factors that childhood varies according to?

A

class, gender and ethnicity

44
Q

3 things that children in poverty suffer from?

A
  1. poorer health
  2. a lack of basic necessities
  3. lower achievement in school
45
Q

what % of children in the UK were living in low-income households in 2013-14?

A

17%

46
Q

what are low-income households?

A

households earning less than 60% of the median income

47
Q

what ethnicities did June Statham and Charlie Owens (2007) find are more likely to end up in care than which ethnicities?

A

black and dual-heritage children were more likely than white or asian children

48
Q

what % of white british children lived in rural areas in 2011?

A

22%

49
Q

what % of bangladeshi and pakistani children lived in rural areas in 2011?

A

1%

50
Q

what ethnicity did Julia Brannen (1994) say are more stricter with their daughters than their sons?

A

asian families

51
Q

what did Hillman et al (1990) find after studying children aged 7 to 15?

A

parents generally give boys more freedom than girls to travel around their local areas unaccompanied

52
Q

what did Bonke (1994) find girls are more likely to perform than boys?

A

household chores

53
Q

what societies does Wagg (1992) argue the construction of childhood varies across?

A

different historical and cultural societies

54
Q

what do cross-cultural differences mean?

A

children are not always seen as vulnerable and can have a similar status to adults

55
Q

what did Punch (2001) find children growing up in the countryside in Bolivia were given?

A

more responsibilites and work to perform

56
Q

what attitudes do Punch’s (2001) results contrast with?

A

attitudes towards child labour that have developed since industrialisation

57
Q

what did Katz (2004) find Sudanese children have more freedom to do than children in Western societies ?

A

explore and travel around their local area

58
Q

what do some sociologists argue is projected onto different cultures?

A

ideas of Western childhood

59
Q

what does Judith Ennew (1986) argue humanitarian and welfare work is based on?

A

the belief that Western childhood is the ‘correct childhood’

60
Q

what ideas are projected onto cultures that have different views on the needs of children?

A

the idea that childhood should be a separate, more innocent stage of life

61
Q

what are children now recognised as having?

A

unique human rights

62
Q

when was the Unique Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ratified by all the UN members?

A

1990

63
Q

what did the Child Support Agency give children the legal right to do?

A

be financially supported by their parents whether their parents are living with the child or not

64
Q

what do advertisers recognise?

A

the financial power of children

65
Q

what is pester power?

A

when advertisers advertise a product to children because they know the children will pester their parents to buy the product

66
Q

what is the ‘futurity’ of the child identified by Jenks (2005)

A

children symbolised future potential and were the main concern of society

67
Q

why does Jenks (2005) think adult relationships are now less dependable?

A

due to divorce becoming more common, adults prioritise relationships with children instead of their relationships with friends and partners

68
Q

what do adults seeing children through a lens of nostalgia mean?

A

children represent the things that society has lost over time which has led to increased protection and surveillance of children

69
Q

what do critics of Jenk’s theory say?

A

he makes too many generalisations

70
Q

what does Palmer (2007) say children are now experiencing?

A

‘toxic childhood’

71
Q

what does ‘toxic childhood’ mean?

A

children lives are now more violent and sexually active which leads to teenage pregnancy, self-harm and addiction

72
Q

what does Palmer (2007) say technological advancements have done to children’s development?

A

it has been damaged

73
Q

what does Neil Postman (1994) believe is happening to childhood?

A

it is disappearing

74
Q

why does Neil Postman (1994) believe childhood is disappearing?

A

because children grow up quickly and experience things only available to adults in the past

75
Q

what is the disappearance of childhood due to a shift from?

A

print and literacy culture to visual culture

76
Q

how can children now access the adult world?

A

through watching TV

77
Q

who does Nick Lee (2005) disagree with?

A

Postman (1995)

78
Q

what does Nick Lee (2005) argue parents have control over?

A

financial control and children can only spend as much as their parents allow

79
Q

what does Opie (1993) argues still exists independently of adult influence?

A

childhood culture

families and households (6 decks)

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