Demography Flashcards
1 Reason for decline in birth rate
Changes in the position of women- increased equality with men, employment opportunities, changes in social attitudes, divorce, abortion and contraception give women the opportunity to chose if and when to have children. Harper argues education is the main factor as educated women prioritise their careers, are more likely to use contraception and choose childlessness. This is changing social attitudes as smaller families are becoming the norm.
2nd reason for decline in birth rate
child centeredness - family and society have become child-centred. ‘quality not quantity’ is now more important so families have fewer children, but give them more attention and resources.
2 consequences of the decline in birth rate
fewer children in society - this can make childhood a lonelier experience for the children that are born, but it could also make the families even more child-centred
dual worker families - women are free to work as they have less children to take care of.
define dependency ratio
people aged 65+ , retired, no longer working as too old - rely on the working population to pay taxes and support them.
define dependency ratio
people aged 65+ , retired, no longer working as too old - rely on the working population to pay taxes and support them.
if the current fall in birth rate continues what will happen to the dependent population
dependent population -will increase as more people are living longer and longer
1 reason for decline in death rate
improved nutrition -Mckeowan argues that the improvement in nutrition halved death rates, particularly from TB, as it increased resistance to infection and survival rates
criticism of Mckeowan who explains why there’s a decline in death rate
however, women tend to receive less nutrition yet live longer
2 reason for decline in death rate -harper
smoking and diet-harper argues there is now greater awareness of the dangers of smoking and unhealthy diet. This is a result of gov campaigns and new laws which have encouraged people to quit smoking and eat healthily and exercise. This makes us healthier and live longer
criticism of Harper’s explanation of why theres a decline in death rate
however, Harper also argues we are still eating unhealthily, but stay alive as a result of expensive medical care.
analyse 2 consequences of an ageing population
- Increased burden on public services-e.g more hospitals,care homes and carers are needed to support the elderly population +C:however, we are becoming healthier in older age also so many elderly people are indep and don’t need health or social care provision.
- increased dependency ratio- non-working elderly are a burden on the working population as they require pensions, free transport, social and health care +C: However, when they were younger and they worked, they made a contribution to society and took care of the dependent population so it’s now our time to take care of them.
4 reasons for migration
economic, political, environmental, social
2 effects of immigration on the uk
ethnically diverse society - Britain’s population used to be predominantly white, but now the uk is a multi-ethnic society
culturally diverse society-the uk now has many different religions and immigration has had an impact on family structures
an example of migrant identities is hybrid identity explain this
a sense of self based on a mix of cultures from your heritage and the new country you live in. Eade argues that second generation British Bengali Muslims create hierarchical identities , they see themselves as Muslim first then Bengali, then British.
an example of migrant identities is transnational identities
Eriksen argues that migrants tend to develop neither/nor identities whereby they dont feel they belong fully to one country or culture.
