demography 1- birth, fertility and family size Flashcards
define birth rate?
number of live births per 1000 of population per year.
define general fertility rates?
number of live births per 1000 women of childbearing age, 15-44, per year
define total fertility rates?
average number of children women will have during childbearing years.
Main trends in birth rates?
since 1990, most change in population has been result of natural change, birth and death.
since 1900 a continuing fall in death rate, coupled w falling birth rate has slowed down natural population growth.
How can we use geographically mobile labour force to explain decline in birth rates and family size?
society requires geographically mobile workforce, can easily move around. this encourages smaller family sizes.
How can we use changing values to explain decline in birth rates and family size?
growing individualism and feminism means women want more to life than children.
post modernists suggest ppl seek to develop identity through consumer spending and leisure choices, couples becoming more reluctant to have children.
How can we use contraception to explain decline in birth rates and family size?
more effective, safer and cheaper. Destigmatization of attitudes towards contraception mainly due to secularization.
Availability of safe and legal abortion since 1967 helped terminate unwanted pregnancies.
How can we use compulsory education to explain decline in birth rates and family size?
education became compulsory in 1880s, children have become economic liability and drain resource for parents, children have to be supported financially in education.
How can we use declining infant mortality rate to explain decline in birth rates and family size?
Parents often have many children to safeguard against some of them dying. declining infant mortality means ppl no longer take these precautions.
range of agencies existing to help elderly ppl now means ppl are less reliant on care from children when reach old age.
How can we use the changing position of women to explain decline in birth rates and family size?
impact of feminism and women’s rights, more equal employment w men
Sharpe- women’s priorities had changed from “love, marriage, husbands, children, jobs and careers” in 1976 to ““job, career and being able to support themselves.
What else are women choosing not to do?
have children early, likely to have them at 35 plus, could be due to rising divorce rates mean many women mow start a new family with their partner later in life.
What is net migration?
difference between amount of ppl coming into the country and amount of people leaving the country.
younger immigrants from outside the UK tend to have large families, Why?
Immigrants normally have stronger religious values, this means they are likely to have more than one child therefore impacting birth rates.,
