demographic change stats and sociologists Flashcards
What Acts in the UK limited immigration from the Caribbean and the Asian subcontinent?
Commonwealth Immigration Acts 1962/1968.
Immigration and Asylum Act 1999
Mitchell and Pain
Drivers of immigration
Economic growth and a structural demand for migrant labour in high and low skilled sectors of the British economy are significant drivers of immigration.
Cohen
3 types of migrant
- Citizens - full citizenship rights.
- Denizens - privileged foreign nationals welcome by the state.
- Helots - unskilled, poorly paid work, legally ties to particular employers.
Ehrenreich and Hochschild
Feminisation of migration
See the feminisation of migration as a result of several trends:
- Expansion of service industry in developed countries has led to an increase demand for female labour.
- Western women joining the labour force are less willing/ able to perform domestic labour.
- Western men are unwilling to perform domestic labour.
- The failure of the state to provide adequate childcare.
Shutes
Feminisation of migration
40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants, mostly female and there is a global transfer of women’s emotional labour.
Eade
Migrant identities
Found second generation of Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchal identities seeing themselves as Muslims first, then Bengali, then British.
Rate of migration between 2000-2013
Migration rate has been speeding up, between 2000-2013 international migration increased by 33%.
Pew research centre 2017
Estimates between 800,000 and 1.2 million unauthorised migrants living in the UK in 2017.
End of March 2014 how many seeking asylum in the UK?
24,000
Vertovec
Greater cultural diversity
‘super diversity’ With migrants coming form a wider range of countries.
UK 2014 post graduate students
26% Chinese born compared to 23% UK born.
Erkisen
Created transnational identities
Back and forth migration rather than permanent settlement means migrants are less likely to see themselves belonging to one country/ culture instead develop transnational identities.
Beck and Beck-Gernsheim
Changing families
Growth of ‘world families’ and ‘distant love’ where relationships are conducted between people living in different countries.
Chambers
Changing families
There are more global family networks as migrants in the UK try to maintain relationships and send money to their families in other countries.
2010 Report from ACPO
suggests 17,000 of the estimated 30,000 women involved in off street prostitution in England and Wales were migrants and around 70% were victims of trafficking.
2011 UK population
10% were from a non-white ethnic group.
Castles and Kosack
assimilation
Believe that assimilation benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided working class and preventing united action in the defence of their interests.
Castles
assimilation
Argues assimilation policies are counterproductive as they mark out minorities as culturally backwards or ‘other’ which can lead to minorities emphasising difference.
Life expectancy changes from 1900 - 2013
1900 males born in England expected to live until they were 50 (women = 57).
2013 Men expected to live until they are 90.7 (women = 94).
Harper
Increasing life expectancy
Predicts that if the trend to longer lifespan continues we will soon achieve ‘radical longevity’ with many centenarians.
Centenarians
Currently 10,000 in the UK by 2100 estimated to be 1 million.
Walker
Class, gender and regional differences in life expectancy
Those living in the poorest areas of England die on average 7 years earlier than the richest areas.
Mckeown
Improved hygiene, sanitation and medicine
Environmental changes along with better living conditions and diet were more important than advancing medicine in wiping out diseases.
McKeown
Higher living standards
examples of better living standards:
higher wages, better food, more appliances in the home, greatly improved housing conditions with less damp, inside toilets and running hot water.
Better nutrition has reduced death rates in half.
ONS infant mortality 1994-2014
Fallen from 9.4 to 3.9 per 1,000 live births in England and Wales.
The Clear Air Acts
Reduced pollution such as smog of 1952 that led to 4,000 deaths in 5 days.
Harper
Health education
Suggests the UK may be moving to an American health culture where lifestyles are unhealthy but where a long lifespan is achieved through costly medication.
Phillipson - Marxist
Older people and identity
The old are of no use to capitalism as they aren’t productive.
Spijker and Maclnnes
When is old?
Although there are now more people over 65 than under 15 in the UK older people are effectively living ‘younger’ healthier and fitter than previous generations.
Laslett
Active aging and the third age
Developed the concept of the ‘third age’ to describe how the increase in life expectancy, growing economic security and relatively young age of retired people who can find fulfilment in a prolonged ‘third age’.
Marhankova
Active aging and the third age
Freedom from demands of the labour market, longer lives, more free time and better health lets the elderly enjoy the ‘third age’ where they can develop new lifestyles, seize new opportunities and forge new identities, independently of the traditional structures of the workplace.
Marhankova
Active aging
A new way of looking at old age in which activity plays a crucial role.
Pensioners and poverty
2017 16% of pensioners lived below government poverty line.
Brannen
Beanpole families
Rise in 4 generational families with fewer aunts and uncles and cousins due to families having fewer children in the past 20 years.
Family members are now more likely to experience vertical integrational ties. The ‘pivot generation’ sandwiched between older and younger members is increasingly meeting the demands of elderly parents and grandchildren.
Lawton
Aging population boosts economy
Aging population brings the mergence of new markets.
Department of culture, media and sports taking part survey 2013-14
Found nearly 4.9 million people 65 and over in England took part volunteering or in civic engagement activities.
2013 Legal and Gnerals Value of a Paent survey
Found grandparents helped parents for an average 8 hours week which if paid would cost a weekly average of £73.
The Griffiths Report 1988
Saw society facing the problem of meeting the escalating costs of health and social care for growing numbers of old people.
Hirsch
Growing burden of dependence and the pensions time bomb
Recognises that there needs to be a cultural change in our attitudes towards old age as a social construct.
How many women were on contraception in 1962 compared to 2014?
1962 = 50,000
2014 = 2 million
Aviva
Rising costs of having children
Suggests that the average size of a British family is declining due to costs.
Hirsch
Rising costs of having children
Estimated each child costs a couple nearly £154,000 to the age of 18.
