Democracy and Participation Flashcards

1
Q

What did the McGovern Fraser Commission do?

A

Democrats reformation of the political party nomination process

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2
Q

What are primaries

A

Elections run and funded by states to select candidates for the upcoming election

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3
Q

Are primaries indirect or direct

A

Indirect
The vote for PC only influences who the chosen delegate would be to represent these views

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4
Q

What can open party caususes cause (+ Example)

A

Party crashing

E.G - ‘Operation chaos’ Republicans voted for hilary clinton as they saw her as easier to beat than Obama

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5
Q

How does gender effect voter behaviour?

A

men typically R and women D due to their promoting of womens rights (VAWA)

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6
Q

Example of gender effecting voter behaviour

A

2020, 57% of women voted Biden
2024, 57% women voted Harris

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7
Q

How does race effect voter behaviour?

A

Racial minority groups overwhelmingly support democrats

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8
Q

Example of race effecting voter behaviour in 2020 for democrats (black and hispanic votes)

A

2020 election,
87% black voters voted Biden
65% hispanic for democrats

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9
Q

Example of religion effecting voter behaviour

A

2020
white evangelical voters
76% voted Trump

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10
Q

Who and why do Jewish voters vote for?

A

Democrats

Due to common identification with liberal values supporting the redistribution of wealth

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11
Q

How does education influence party choice (2)?

A

Higher education more likely to vote D
BUT higher income more likely to vote R

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12
Q

Biden example of education effecting party choice?

A

2020 election Biden got votes from…

57% college students
67% Postgrad students

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13
Q

What does it mean by ‘the hispanic vote is more volatile’?

A

It can change often

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14
Q

Example of the hispanic vote being volatile

A

Bush Republican gained 44% of their vote in 2004

although they are usually more democratic due to stance on equality and discrimination

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15
Q

Why do white evangelicals typically support R?

A

Identify with the strong social conservatism

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16
Q

3 republican factions

A

Social conservative
Fiscal conservative
Moderate

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17
Q

3 Democrat factions

A

Moderate
Progressive
Blue dog

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18
Q

What 2 states go first in the primary/causus season

A

Iowa and New Hampshire

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19
Q

Who ran as a 3rd party candidate in the 1968 election and how many states did they win?

A

George Wallace
5 states

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20
Q

How was gender divided in the 2024 election

A

Women overall favoured Harris, with 53% support, while 55% of men supported Trump

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21
Q

What is Clinton V Sanders?

A

2012 Democratic party leader choices

22
Q

3 economic acts areas where D+R were divided

A

Inflation reduction act (VP final vote)
American rescue plan (1D against (Golden))
Tax cuts and Jobs act (1R for)

23
Q

3 ways independent/minor partys play a significant role

A

Getting elected
Shifting policies
Spolier effect

24
Q

Who critiqued ‘the spoiler effect’?

A

Nader 2000
- Democrats should blame their campaign rather than the small parties (attack on Gore)

  • 2 party dominance prevents real reform and calling 3rd parties spoilers is undemocratic as it discouraged competition in the election
25
5 spoiler effect points people by 3rd party candidates
Nader Perrot Roosevelt Wallace Wallace and Thurmond
26
2 3rd party candidates that shifted policies
Perot (budget deficit) Sanders (emphasised a green new deal that influenced the 'IRA')
27
2 3rd party candidates that didnt shift policies
Wallace and Nader
28
What % of Iowa is white
86% since 2024
29
2 issues with Iowa and New Hampshire going first
Frontloading and Bandwagon effect
30
Who benefited from the winning the Iowa caucus
Barack Obama Pete Buttigieg
31
How much did Elizabeth Warren spend in Iowa
atleast $2.3 million
32
why is shifting policy important useful for 3rd party candidates
Shifts the overton window
33
What did George Wallace advocate for
Dejure segregation
34
What ideas did Nader advocate for
More democratical ideas but also focused on environmentalism and corporate accountability
35
How many states did Wallace win in 1968
5 southern states
36
Did Wallace in 1968 contribute to the spoiler effect?
No, his influence was only for specific regions Republican Nixon still won
37
Did Wallace and Thurmond in 1948 contribute to the spoiler effect
No Truman still won whilst carrying similar democratic beliefs
38
3 third party candidates that have been involved in the spoiler effect
Nader 2000 Perrot 1992 Roosevelt 1912
39
When was the FEC formed?
1974
40
What did the revenue act 1971 do?
Public fund of $20mil and if accepted couldnt accept private funds
41
What was the first PAC?
Congress industrial organisation under Roosevelts re-election
42
What are 527 groups?
Can legally raise and spend unlimited but must reveal their donors (unregulated by FEC) Focus on issues rather than candidates
43
What are 501(c)4 groups?
Social welfare groups that raise money and spend time on non political activities They can keep their donors unknown
44
What and how do Super PACS work
Unlimited donations from groups, but not directly donated to candidates In the form of TV ads, media campaigns and mailers Must disclose their donors to the FEC and are good for wealthy individuals to express their views
45
in 2012 hw much did 1310 Super PACs raise?
$828 million
46
How do Super PACs exert their views?
TV ads, media campaigns and mailers
47
What 2 voting rights acts went through the house but was filibustered in the senate
For the people act 2021 Freedom to vote act 2021
48
What 3 individuals seriously donated to Trump and by how much?
Banking heir Timothy Mellon ($150 mil) Tech boss Elon Musk ($119 mil) Casino owner Miriam Adelson ($100 mil)
49
Example of a 501c4?
Building America's future - Hold a conservative viewpoint On the 2024 election they spent a total of $1,801,685 Spent just over $1 million on a candidate that won and $31,250 on a losing candidate
50
Name 2 conservative superpacs
Make America Great again inc American crossroads -
51
Name 2 liberal superpacs
WinSenate PAC - Future Forward PAC -
52
How much money did American crossroads, C superpac raise in 2024? And how much did they spend against the democrats?
$62,899,589 AND SPENT $60,000,000 against the democrats