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Politics > democracy and participation > Flashcards

democracy and participation Flashcards

1
Q

what does direct democracy look like

A

referendums
citizens juries
public petitions

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2
Q

Burkean representation trustee model

A

mps act according to what they think is best for the area they represent
based off their knowledge and understanding

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3
Q

Burkean representation delegate model

A

mps will act according to what the majority of their constituents want

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4
Q

evidence for direct democracy being superior because people will accept decisions they have made themselves

A

Devolved institutions via referendums
Scot devo turnout 60% 72% yes
NI assembly turnout 81% 71%yes
Increase in turnout

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5
Q

evidence for rep democracy ensuring stability and compromise

A

Apathy can be helpful to maintain stability
Citizens who are involved become passionate which can create divisions and polarisation
Example scot indep referendum 2014 and still calls for independence
84% turnout and brexit 72% and anti brexiteers still protest (2023 outside westminister)

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6
Q

evidence for direct democracy creating informed electorate

A

scot indep 2014 16/17 year olds allowed to vote 75% turnout
97% said being involved encouraged them to be more engaged

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7
Q

evidence for rep democ placing decision in hands of experts

A

2019 ge 85% mps uni and 25% oxbridge
38% of electorate uni educated

although none of starmers cabinate were privately educated

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8
Q

Evidence for direct democracy reducing dependence on politicians ( not being representative therefore people will depend on them for help)

A

politicians not representative
2019 220 women 10% minorities
2024 263 women 14% minorities

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9
Q

Evidence for voter apathy and rep democ being unrealistic (turnout)

A

TO not reached average of 75% since 1950s
TO average 67%
60% 2024 which is low

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10
Q

What is redress of grievances and when will it happen

A

Mps will represent their constituents individual issues who have been treated unfairly
they can do this during question time and act on behalf on them

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11
Q

what is descriptive representation and what would it increase

A

MP should look like the people it represents
increase participation
and diversity in parl may allow leg to begger reflect minority groups

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12
Q

Rosena Allin khan

A

labour mp and shadow health minister 2020, was practicing doctor
part of trade union and wanted to represent them in parliament to champion their issues

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13
Q

what is hapathy when was it at its peak

A

content with system already
therefore not inclined to vote
2001 59% TO

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14
Q

evidence for participation crisis in comparison to 1950s

A

increase from 2001 59-%
but still lower in comparison to pre 1992 which was around 75%
devolved elections even lower
2022 NI assem 62%

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15
Q

Increase in participation through turnout in general electiosn

A

since 2001 increase
2017 69%
little decrease in 2019 to 67%
although TO for young people increasing 2005 50% 2019 55%

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16
Q

Turnout of people with a degree

A

2019 69%
without degree 59%

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17
Q

more opportunities for people to vote

A

elect mp
local councillors
devolved regions assembly and parliament elections
england metro mayors

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18
Q

metro mayor turnout

A

lower than general elections
metro mayors typically 30% 2021
Greater manchester 35%

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19
Q

devolved institution with low TO

A

Welsh parliament 47% 2021

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20
Q

Increase of referendums

A

boost participation on constitutional issues that are salient
1998 good friday 81% TO
scot indep 2014 84%
brexit 72%

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21
Q

turnout in 2021 scot parl was higher,why was this

A

63%
because of the 2016 scotland act which gave scot max devolution

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22
Q

Majority of referendums with low turnout

A

welsh devo 1997 50% TO - tyranny of maj
London mayor and assembly 1998 33%
2011 AV vote TO 42%

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23
Q

Party membership decline

A

1950s con 2 mil
2022 decline to 172k
across all parties membership totalled over 3 mil in 1950s
less than 1 mil in 2019
FLOATING VOTERS

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24
Q

2013 resurgence in party membership

A

smaller party increase
snp 25k to 125k in 2019
And major parties increase lab 190k to just under 500k

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25
Q

Trade union membership decline and why

A

1970s around 13 million
2022 6.4 million in 2023

decline in manual jobs and transaction to service based economy
weakening of trade union power in thatcher and blair gov

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26
Q

Rise of new groups that can be participated in

A

single issue groups
2013 1 in 10 adults are members of
in 2020 140k took party in black lives matter protests in the uk

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27
Q

trade union increase

A

activity increase in 2022
strikes on cost of living
2.5 mil strike days across sectors in 2022

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28
Q

what is slacktivism and evidence

A

people are less engaged in politics
this has replaced traditional activism
people are more likely to sign e petitions then write to their local mp or take part in protests
33,000 were submitted to HOC website in 2022

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29
Q

Different types of participation have risen and are effective (3)

A

Political consumerism - purchasing power to dictate politics, using green sustainable products

Petitions/ epetitions - easier

Clicktivism - social media used to promote causes, encouraging reps to take up causes or putting pressure on gov

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30
Q

what is a democratic deficit

A

decisions are taken by elected representatives who lack legitimacy due to being appointed without sufficient support or not being subject to accountability

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31
Q

house of lords act 1999

A

lab first stage at removal
remove hereditary peers allowed to remain on temporary basis untill second stage proposals were agreed

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32
Q

revoke A50 and remain in EU petition

A

MOST SIGNED EVER
6.1 mil
Lack of impact

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33
Q

denying trump state visit petition

A

1.8 mil
lack of impact

34
Q

Marcus rashford end child food poverty

A

1 million signatures
impact, 2021 gov announced comprehensive support package to help families through winter
expanded access’s to free school meals during holidays

35
Q

Seek a ceasefire and end israeli occupation of west bank/gaza strip petition

A

250k signatures
lack of impact, gov replied and said they are focusing on conflict resolution, humanitarian pauses

36
Q

Call a GE 2024

A

Dec 2024
Belief that labour went back on their promises
debated Jan 6th 2025
lack of impact gov replied that they were elected on a mandate

37
Q

Include right to abortion in BBoR

A

Nov 22 167k signatures
lack of impact gov said they would review
Legislation has been put on pause since departure of Raab from justice Dept

38
Q

Recall of Mps act 2015

A

petition triggered if they are convicted of an offence
barred from HOC
or convicted or providing false info for expenses claims
Need 10% of constituency to sign to be triggered

39
Q

2019 Onasanya Lab by election

A

conviction driving offences
seat was held by another lab

40
Q

2019 chris davies con

A

convicted of false expenses claims and the seat was lost to lib dem’s

41
Q

2023 Ferrier SNP

A

convicted of breaking covid rules
seat won by lab

42
Q

2023 peter bone con

A

allegations of bulling and sexual misconduct
lost to Lab

43
Q

how are by-elections positive for democracy

A

people are willing to trigger election
shows participation, want to get involved

also seats changing hands shows people will vote for other parities- good for representation

44
Q

e democracy impact

A

allows electorate to set the agenda, bring issues to light
increase use of petitions since 2015, electorate are more willing to participate

45
Q

why will referendums not improve democracy

A

gov only call referendums when they think they will win
Brexit 2016 leave was in lead 2-4% May was a remainer
Gov also have power to ignore outcome

46
Q

direct democracy through referendums enhance democ 3 examples

A

public agree consitution decisions should be decided by electorate
Brexit
NI good friday
scot under

47
Q

reform of recall of mps improve democ

A

criteria for petition should be widened as it’s too narrow,
constituents can hold mp to account if they don’t deliver election promises
more people will get involved and mps will be held accountable

48
Q

reform of Recall of mps act negative on democ

A

remove mps ability to act in the national interest for fear of backlash from constituents
undemocratic as petition enhances accountablity
increase in 2019

49
Q

How could electoral registration reform improve democ

A

Boost turnout ensuring everyone is able to vote
clear differences in registration amount ethnicities, age and groups + income brackets
2018 ethnic minority voters were 10% less likely to be registered compared to whites

50
Q

Reform of electoral registration negative

A

too expensive, not effective way of spending
Could lead to voter fraud
some concerns highlighted in elections act 2022 where ID was introduced to avoid fraud

51
Q

positive of lowering voting age

A

increase youth turnout
75% of 16/17 year olds participated in scottish independence 2014
97% said that it made them want to be more involved, vote participate again in future

52
Q

negative of lowering the voting age

A

16-18 low interest won’t increase TO
Lack of political education
2014 40% of 16-24 said they were not interested in politics

53
Q

Compulsory voting positive impact

A

boost turnout and improve legitimacy
average of GE is 65%
2024 60% very low
historic average 75%
allow “ none of the above” option to decrease spoilt ballots

54
Q

negative impact of compulsory voting

A

it should be a choice / freedom
not voting can be seen as a political act
will increase spoilt ballots
Australia compulsory vote - spoilt ballots make up 5% of total ballots

55
Q

fptp creates …. that leads to constituency inequality

A

leads to wasted votes and marginal seats that are targeted by parties/policies more than others creating inequality

56
Q

Lords reform to elected evidence on delaying bills

A

2004 attempt to delay govs proposal to ban fox hunting
not in line with public option

57
Q

Why should the lords not be elected + example

A

elected lords would undermine the commons
Lords preforms important function of checking the govs power
lords amended the Illegal migration bill 2023 which required the sec or state to provide additional safe and legal routes for asylum

58
Q

themes for extending the franchise

A

Votes at 16
votes for prisoners
compulsory voting

59
Q

arguments for giving 16yr olds the vote

A

can join army have provisional lisence legally work and pay tax
scot indep 2014 evidence
young people feel passionate about climate change - want to be engaged
youth parliament has 600 members

60
Q

arguments against giving 16yr olds the vote

A

still in education, lack of political education
have views formed, live at home
lack stake in society, most don’t have jobs
will still have low TO as most won’t vote, just increase franchise to keep turnout the same

61
Q

Hurst V UK 2005

A

ECHR case where court ruled that a blanket ban on british prisoners to vote is contrary to ECHR as it did not state voting rights for all prisoners

62
Q

Why should prisoners be given the right to vote

A

Human right, equality is being damaged
reintegration of prisoners back into society, decrease offending rates, good for social inclusion
Issues prisoners face can be taken seriously by gov
increase turnout and legitimacy

63
Q

why shouldn’t prisoners be given the vote

A

lack of education, atleast before expansion
prisoners broke laws therefore should loose freedoms
increase tax
no popular demand, 62% 2012 said no

64
Q

arguments for compulsory voting (4)

A

increase participation, spoilt ballots express apathy ( australia 90% TO)
increase legitimacy, more parties with majority of votes instead of seats (Con2019)
Civic duty- value society and create community ( new lab was more centric )
stronger social justice, minorities represented

65
Q

Arguments against compulsory voting
(4)

A

abuse for freedoms
people could still not vote (apathy) decrease turnout , need education reform
Worthless votes - not based on consideration of manifestos
could bring extremist views to surface, disengaged votes may vote against main parties as a protest vote

66
Q

wealth does determine the extent of PG success

A

Most powerful groups do have wealth
have money to donate ( Unite 10mil to lab 2019)
can hire lobbyists
benefit from media exposure, CBI(lobby group) often consulted by media on matters of business (economy)

67
Q

how does wealth of PG not determine success

A

2019 Johnson announced to CBI he was not going to cut corporation tax by 2%, 17-19 later increased to 25%
Tech and social media can help non wealthy groups to have impact by gathering attention

68
Q

Size of PG determining success

A

large claim to Rep public option, gov will listen because they cause accountable to electorate
NSPCC ensure membership is high to maintain influence
Large size can organise easily and have impact - trade union strikes (2022)

69
Q

Size does not determine success PG

A

size doesn’t matter, need insider status
Con 2022 lack of trade union negotiations
Howard Penal league small insider consulted regularly on gov plans to build more prisons
small unions that rep populated groups (doctors teachers) have influence as they claim to represent ALL

70
Q

Organisation and leadership determining success of PG

A

Revolving door politics (clegg facebook head of global affairs
although well organised groups (BMA) junior doctor strikes unsuccessful
2013 manifesto pledge to offer 7 day NHS service

71
Q

How does being inline with Gov ideology help PG succeed

A
72
Q

ideology of PG leading to failure

A

1990 Pol tax Thatcher reaction from anti poll tax movement and wide spread public demonstrations against tax some which were violent
led to resignation

73
Q

Popular support of PG positive

A

gov not supporting popular groups could impact them in elections
2020 free school meals boosted by rashford forcing johnson to extend the use of vouchers to cover summer holidays

74
Q

Popular support of PG failure

A

BMA popular, lost 2014 junior contact battle
lobbying groups don’t rely on public support instead use revolving door politics and connections to exert influence

75
Q

BMA

A

insider interest doctors lobby for improvements to health and healthcare
SAS campaigns, opened formal ballot on industrial action
end current pay dispute for consultant work force, improved pay sept 2024

76
Q

action on smoking and health

A

end harm caused by tobacco
provides resources and evidence
gov pledged to achieve smoke free england by 2030
Law banning smoking in a car with children
Tobacco and Vapes Bill 2024-25

77
Q

Bma less associated with current gov why

A

2024 jan sunak blamed nhs waiting lists on the doctor strikes

78
Q

extinction rebellion

A

outsider cause environmental
non violent civil disobedience and disruptive demonstrations sit in protests and strikes
push back on petrol diesel cars

79
Q

just stop oil

A

outsider cause stop approving new fossil fuel projects
non violent civil disobedience
blocked m25 sit down protest nov 22
unpopular in parliament
threw soup at van gogh painting in national gallery london

80
Q

CBI

A

Insider interest
speak for businesses ensure growth
economic analysis

81
Q

national education union

A

largest, insider interest
improving working conditions
teacher strikes in 2022 and 2023

82
Q

RMT

A

outsider interest
train strikes
81% of those who intended to travel during their studies had been travel impacted
gov revised pay offers that have been accepted

Politics (20 decks)

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