Dementias, Tumors, & Diseases Flashcards
multiple sclerosis is a disease of ____
CNS demyelination
amyotropic lateral sclerosis is a disease of ____
motor neurons (UMN/LMN)
guillain barre is a disease of ____
PNS demyelination
myasthenia gravis is a disease of the ____
neuromuscular junction
parkinsons, huntington’s, and wilson’s diseases are diseases of the ____
basal ganglia
lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma are examples of ____ tumors
metatastic
(most likely to affect brain)
how are brain tumors removed?
- one lesion: excision
- multiple/non-surgical lesions: radiation
name the 6 primary brain tumours
- glioma
- meningioma
- pituitary adenoma
- schwannoma
- lymphoma
- pineal tumors
name 3 types of glioma
- astrocytoma I, II, III, IV (glioblastoma multiforme)
- oligodendroglioma
- ependymoma
name 3 types of pediatric tumors
- cerebellar astrocytoma I
- medulloblastoma
- ependymoma
meningioma arise from ____
arachnoid villi
meningioma cause ____ and are usually ____
headaches
benign (sometime become non-resectable)
pituitary adenoma
- secrete: prolactin, GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, or non-functioning
- may compress chiasm
schwannoma is also called ____
acoustic neuroma (vestibular n)
pineal tumors may compress the ____ and cause ____
- aqueduct -> hydrocephalus
OR parinaud’s syndrome
name 2 nervous system infections
meningitis
creutzfeldt-jacob disease
what are the most common types of meningitis?
bacterial
viral
fungal
parasitic
symptoms of CSF infection (meningitis)
- headache
- lethargy
- photophobia
- fever
- nuchal rigidity
what is creutzfeldt-jacob disease?
prion-related spongiform appearance of the brain
symptoms of creutzfeldt-jacob disease
- progressive dementia
- exaggerated startle response
- myoclonus
- hallucinations
- ataxia
what is Alzheimer’s disease?
(type of dementia) cerebral atrophy with beta amyloid plaques & microtubule related tau neurofibrillary tangles
tau tangles are prominent in…
cholinergic nuclei:
- basalis of Meynart
- septal area
- nucleus of diagonal band of Broca
noradrenergic:
- locus caeruleus
serotoninergic:
- raphe nucleus
what are the substantia innominata?
cholinergic nuclei located deep to anterior perforated substance:
- basalis of Meynart
- septal area
- nucleus of diagonal band of Broca
symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease
- short-term memory & progressively long-term memory loss
- anomic aphasia (loss of names for common things)
- apraxia
- behavioural issues
symptoms of dementia with lewy bodies?
- lewy bodies in substantia nigra
- fluctuating dementia
- parkinsonism
- visual hallucinations
- REM sleep disorders (acting out dreams)
- disruptions of ANS
- usually coexists with Alzheimer’s
symptoms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (pick disease)
- behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia
- progressive non-fluent aphasia
- semantic aphasia
- progressive supranuclear palsy
what is behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia
changes in personality & cognition with initially intact memory
what is progressive non-fluent aphasia?
difficulty using words and eventually loss of ability to communicate
what is semantic aphasia?
inability to understand language
what is progressive supranuclear palsy?
- motor & balance symptoms
- parkinsonism
- inability to look down
vascular dementia is also known as…
- multi-infarct dementia
- binswagner disease
- small vessel disease
what causes vascular dementia?
- brain ischemia & hypoperfusion
- hypertension & diabetes increase risk of vascular damage
parkinson’s disease with dementia
cognitive decline occurs years after onset of motor symptoms, unlike lewy body dementia
wernicke-korsakoff encephalopathy
thiamine deficiency characterized by wernicke’s encephalopathy and korsakoff’s amnesia
dementia pugilistica
variant of chronic traumatic encephalopathy resulting from repeated head injury
what is normal pressure hydrocephalus?
expansion of chambers in the brain although pressure remains normal, resulting in dementia symptoms in adults
