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NYCC Neuro 2 > Blood Supply Injuries > Flashcards

Blood Supply Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

what is quadriplegia/paresis?

A

all 4 extremities are paralyzed or weak

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2
Q

what is hemiplegia/paresis?

A

upper and lower extremities on 1 side are paralyzed or weak (1/2 body affected)

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3
Q

what is paraplegia/paresis?

A

both upper OR lower extremities are paralyzed or weak

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4
Q

what is monoplegia/paresis?

A

one extremity is paralyzed or weak

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5
Q

what is an internal carotid infarction?

A

the internal carotid arteries may become atherosclerotic and eventually occluded

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6
Q

the extent of an internal carotid infarction may include the territories of the…

A

anterior and middle cerebral arteries

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7
Q

the ophthalmic artery is one of the first branches of the ____

A

internal carotid artery

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8
Q

occlusion of the ophthalmic artery causes…

A

unilateral visual symptoms such as dimming, colour changes, or scotomas

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9
Q

anterior cerebral infarction causes symptoms of injury to the…

A

medial cerebral hemisphere

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10
Q

symptoms of anterior cerebral infarction

A
  • contra spastic paralysis & sensory loss of mainly distal leg & perinium (incontinence) [paracentral lobule]
  • mental confusion, impaired judgement, flat affect [prefrontal lobe]
  • abulia [bilateral prefrontal lobe]
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11
Q

what is abulia?

A

behavioural disturbance characterized by apathy & muteness

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12
Q

anterior choroidal infarction causes symptoms of injury to the…

A

posterior limb of internal capsule and optic tract/LGB

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13
Q

symptoms of anterior choroidal infarction

A
  • contra spastic paralysis & sensory loss of body & face [internal capsule]
  • contra homonymous hemianopsia [LGB]
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14
Q

middle cerebral infarction causes symptoms of injury to the…

A

lateral cerebral cortex

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15
Q

symptoms of middle cerebral infarction

A
  • contra spastic paralysis & sensory loss of face & upper extremity [precentral & postcentral gyrus]
  • contra homonymous hemianopsia [optic radiation]
  • acute (1-2days) paresis of contra conjugate gaze [frontal eye field]
  • aphasia [Broca’s, Wernicke’s, global] if dominant side affected
  • astereognosis/neglect [right parietal lobe]
  • apraxia [premotor cortex]
  • Gerstmann’s syndrome
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16
Q

injury to left angular gyrus causes symptoms of ____

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome

17
Q

what is Gerstmann’s syndrome?

A
  • agraphia
  • acalculia
  • inability to distinguish L from R
  • finger agnosia
18
Q

symptoms of distal occlusion of posterior cerebral artery affecting the striate cortex

A

contra homonymous hemianopsia

19
Q

symptoms of distal occlusion of posterior cerebral artery affecting splenium

A

alexia (unable to read) without agraphia (unable to write)

20
Q

symptoms of proximal bilateral occlusion of posterior cerebral artery affecting basilar junction including both visual cortices

A

Anton’s syndrome (failure of blind patient to recognize inability to see)

21
Q

symptoms of proximal occlusion of posterior cerebral artery

A
  • contra sensory loss or thalamic syndrome [thalamus]
  • hemiballism [subthalamic nucleus]
  • midbrain symptoms
22
Q

what is the prognosis of a substantial hemorrhage within the brainstem?

A
  • instantly fatal (medulla & pons reticular formation) OR
  • coma due to failure of central control of respiration
23
Q

what is locked in syndrome?

A

large infarction of ventral pons (basilar a) causing paralysis of all voluntary movements except movements of the eyes

24
Q

what are the overlapping symptoms of a medial stroke of the medulla and pons?

A
  1. contra spastic paralysis (corticospinal in basilar pons/pyramid)
  2. contra loss of vibration, proprio, etc (ML)
25
Q

what arteries supply the medial medulla and pons?

A

anterior spinal (medulla)
short pontine (pons)

26
Q

what are the symptoms of a medial stroke of the pons only?

A
  1. medial strabismus (CN VI)/paralysis of horizontal gaze to side of lesion (inf pons)
  2. internuclear ophthalmoplegia (MLF)
27
Q

what are the symptoms of a medial stroke of the medulla only?

A

ipsilateral tongue paralysis (CN XII)

28
Q

what arteries supply the lateral medulla and pons?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar a (medulla)
Anterior inferior cerebellar a/superior cerebellar (pons)

29
Q

what are the overlapping symptoms of a lateral stroke of the pons & medulla?

A
  1. contra loss of P&T from body (spinothalamic)
  2. ipsi loss of P&T from face (nucleus of SToV; medulla), touch from face (chief sensory; pons)
  3. nystagmus (vestibular nuc)
  4. cerebellar symptoms
  5. ipsi Horner’s (reticular formation)
  6. Hiccup (reticular formation)
30
Q

what are the symptoms of a lateral stroke of the medulla only?

A

Wallenberg syndrome:
1. dysphagia, hoarseness, uvular deviation or absence of gag reflex (nuc ambiguus, CN X)
2. loss of taste (solitary tract/nuc)

31
Q

what artery supplies the lateral medulla?

A
  • posterior inferior cerebellar a
  • vertebral a
32
Q

what are the symptoms of a lateral stroke of the lower pons only?

A
  1. ipsilateral facial paralysis (bell’s palsy, CN VII)
  2. deafness (cochlear nuclei)
33
Q

what artery supplies the lateral lower pons?

A

anterior inferior cerebellar a

34
Q

what are the symptoms of a lateral stroke of the midpons only?

A

inability to chew & jaw deviation (CN V)

35
Q

name 3 syndromes caused by posterior cerebral strokes

A
  • dorsal midbrain syndrome (Perinaud’s/pinealoma)
  • ventral midbrain syndrome (weber’s)
  • central midbrain syndrome (claude’s)
36
Q

symptoms of dorsal midbrain syndrome

A
  • paralysis of upward gaze
  • loss of pupillary/light reflex (pretectal nuc)
37
Q

symptoms of ventral midbrain syndrome

A
  • contra paralysis of body & face (crus cerebri: CST)
  • ipsi oculomotor palsy (ptosis, mydriasis, lateral strabismus)
38
Q

symptoms of central midbrain syndrome

A
  • ipsi oculomotor palsy
  • hemiballism (subthalamic nuc)
  • contra loss of sensation (P&T, vibration, position)
39
Q

combination of ventral & central midbrain syndromes is called ____

A

Benedikt syndrome

NYCC Neuro 2 (28 decks)

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