Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology > Dementia > Flashcards

Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

what is cognition?

A

mental action of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what 5 processes is cognition often broken into?

A 
attention 
language 
memory 
executive function (problem solving etc)
perceptuo-motor 
social functioning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the DSMV criteria for diagnosing dementia?

A

evidence of significant cognitive decline in at least 1 cognitive domain

plus cognitive deficits interfere with independence in every day activities

plus they are not better explained by another process / do not occur exclusively in delirium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

dementias are generally due to what?

A

neurodegenerative proteinopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what symptoms do those with viral encephalitis usually present with?

A

frontal temporal problems - memory problems, behaviour change and language problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what symptoms do those with head injury often present with?

A

global problems - attention, memory, executive dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the clinical features of transient global amnesia?

A

abrupt onset antegrade > retrograde amnesia (repetitive)

preserved knowledge of self

lasts 4-6 hours and generally once off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is thought to be triggering factors of transient global amnesia?

A

emotion

change in temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the pathophysiology is transient global amnesia is uncertain but what is thought to happen?

A

transient changes in hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the clinical features of transient epileptic amnesia?

A

forgetful / repetitive questioning

carry out complex activities with no recollection

short (20-30 mins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transient epileptic amnesia is associated with what kind of seizures?

A

temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is transient epileptic amnesia treated?

A

anti-epileptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the clinical features of functional / subjective cognitive impairment?

A

everyday forgetfulness impacting on function

fluctuation of symptoms

mismatch between symptoms + reported function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are symptoms of generalised functional disorder?

A

decreased concentration / attention / reaction time

subsequent memory difficulties as brain working too hard to correct things above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the treatment for functional cognitive impairment?

A

exclude a mood disorder

refer to neuropsychology for treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the most common human prion (type of neurodegenerative proteinopathy) disease?

A

creutzfeldt-jakob disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is age of onset and clinical features sporadic of CJD?

A

60s

rapid onset dementia + neurological signs + myoclonus which lasts 4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is age of onset and clinical features of variant CJD?

A

20s

painful sensory disturbance + neuropsychotic decline which lasts 14 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what causes variant CJD?

A

exposure to BSE (or contaminated blood)

MAD COW DISEASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is age of onset and clinical features of iatrogenic CJD?

A

30s

cerebellar / visual onset. Multifocal neurological decline which lasts <2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what causes iatrogenic CJD?

A

99% HGH + dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is age of onset and clinical features of genetic CJD?

A

may mimic sporadic

specific subtypes:
GGS (prolonged ataxic syndrome)
FFI (insomnia)

variable duration, often <2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what causes genetic CJD?

A

mutation of PRNP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what investigations should take place in CJD?

A

EEG
MRI
CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the two most common types of dementia?

A

alzheimers

vascular dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is alzheimers disease?

A

neurodegenerative proteinopathy (amyloid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the pathophysiology of alzheimers?

A

disruption of cholinergic pathways in brain + synaptic loss

extracellular amyloid plaques

intracellular neurofibrillary tangles

28
Q

what parts of brain are degenerating in alzheimers?

A

medial hippocampus + later parietal lobes

29
Q

what is the progress of alzheimers symptoms?

A

forgetfulness -> apraxia / visuospatial difficulties

30
Q

what age is characterised as early onset alzheimers?

A

<65

31
Q

what are two atypical variants of alzheimers disease?

A

posterior cortical atrophy

progressive primary aphasia

32
Q

what are symptoms of posterior cortical atrophy?

A

visuospatial disturbance

starts here but then spreads out to forgetfulness etc

33
Q

what do those with progressive primary aphasia have problems with?

A

semantic (naming)

logopenic aphasia (repeating)

non-fluent aphasia (effortful)

34
Q

what investigations should take place in alzheimers?

A

MRI - atrophy of temporal / parietal lobe

SECT - temporoparietal decreased metabolism

CSF - decreased amyloid, increased tau ratio

35
Q

what treatments can be given for alzheimer disease?

A

address vascular risk factors

acetylcholine boosting

36
Q

what kinds of acetylcholine boosters can be given in alzheimers?

A

cholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine / galantamine)

NMDA receptor blocker (memantine)

37
Q

what is frontotemporal dementia?

A

early onset dementia (majority <65 years old)

38
Q

what is pathophysiology of frontotemporal dementia?

A

neurodegenerative proteinopathy

Tau > TDP-43 > ubiquitin

protein aggregation = cell damage

39
Q

what are the symptoms of frontotemporal dementia?

A

early frontal features (disinhibition, apathy, loss of empathy, stereotyped or compulsive behaviours, hyperorality)

early loss of insight (collateral history vital)

40
Q

what investigations should take place in frontotemporal dementia?

A

MRI - atrophy of frontotemporal lobes

SPECT - frontotemporal decreased metabolism

CSF - increased tau / normal amyloid

41
Q

what can be used to treat frontotemporal dementia?

A

trazadone / antipsychotics

safety - control food, money etc

CPN

42
Q

what is vascular dementia?

A

late onset dementia (majority >65 years old)

43
Q

what is the core criteria of vascular dementia diagnosis?

A

presence of cerebrovascular disease plus

a clear temporal relationship between the onset of dementia and cerebrovascular disease

44
Q

what is the presentation of vascular dementia?

A

subcortical (small vessel disease) - decreased attention, executive dysfunction and slowed processing

45
Q

what medical event is a significant risk factor for vascular dementia?

A

stroke

46
Q

how is vascular dementia managed?

A

vascular risk factors +/- cholinesterase inhibitor

CPN

47
Q

what is dementia with lewy bodies?

A

another type of late onset dementia (>65)

48
Q

what is the pathophysiology of dementia with lewy bodies?

A

neurodegenerative proteinopathy (a-synuclein)

a-synuclein aggregates = insoluble -> cell dysfunction -> cell damage

leads to disruption of cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways

49
Q

what is the core criteria of dementia with lewy bodies diagnosis?

A

fluctuating cognition plus

recurrent well formed visual hallucinations +/-

presence of extrapyramidal features

50
Q

what additional feature can be seen in dementia with lewy bodies?

A

neuroleptic sensitivity

51
Q

what investigations should take place in dementia with lewy bodies?

A

DaT (dopamine transporter imagine)

new: a-synuclein ligand imaging / in CSF

52
Q

how can dementia with lewy bodies be treated?

A

small dose levodopa (decreases acetylcholine)

trial cholinesterase inhibitors

53
Q

what is parkinsons disease dementia?

A

late onset dementia (>65) which 80% of PD sufferers develop after 20 years of disease

54
Q

what other type of dementia does PDD overlap with?

A

DLB

55
Q

how do you differentiate PDD and DLB?

A

DLB = <1 year of presentation

PDD = >1 year of presentation

56
Q

what are symptoms of PDD?

A

mix of parkinsons + dementia symptoms

57
Q

how is PDD managed?

A

same as DLB:

small dose levodopa (decreases acetylcholine)

trial cholinesterase inhibitors

58
Q

what are the clinical features of huntington’s disease?

A

dysexecutive syndrome + slowed speech of processing

eventual involvement of memory

associated changes in mood / personality and chorea +/- later psychosis

59
Q

what investigations should take place in huntington’s disease?

A

genetic testing

MRI (loss of caudate heads)

60
Q

who should you refer to if patient is >65 with gradual onset dementia / no additional neurology?

A

old age psychiatry

61
Q

who should you refer to if patient is <65 / any unusual features (inc onset speed) / additional neurology?

A

neurology

62
Q

what is treatment for huntington disease?

A

mood stabiliser
rx for chorea
HD nurse specialist

63
Q

what are the psychiatric symptoms in HD?

A 
depression
anxiety
psychosis
blunted affect
aggression
suicidality 
compulsions
64
Q

what are the cognitive symptoms in HD?

A

decline in executive function (planning, abstract thinking)
short and long term memory deficits
dementia - decline in global cognition

65
Q

what are motor symptoms in HD?

A

choreiform movements
rigidity
writhing movements
gait disturbance
problems chewing / speaking / swallowing
all actions requiring muscle control become impaired

66
Q

what happens when father passes HD on to daughter?

A

even more repeats so presents earlier

when mother passes on to son = same number

Neurology (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions