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Aneesha Flashcards BRS 2 > Dementia > Flashcards

Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the continuum of dementia

A
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2
Q

Why is it hard to identify dementia in clinic?

A

The disease follows a heterogenous
course
In old age the disease presentation is of
multiple co morbidities
Lots of mixed and uncertain pictures
Younger patients are more typical
Clinical history, the function of the patient
and how they change is paramount

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3
Q

What are the molecular and cellular changes associated with dementia

A
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4
Q

What is the commonest cause of dementia? Define it.

A

Alzheimer’s disease- This fatal neurodegenerative disorder is characterised by progressive
cognitive, social and functional impairment.

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5
Q

What is the cure for Alzheimer’s?
Can Alzheimer’s be diagnosed in life?

A

There is no current cure, with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors having
modest symptomatic benefit in early stages

Diagnosis in life is only probable however this is changing

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6
Q

causes of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s
Vascular dementia
Frontotemporal dementia
Lewy body dementia

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7
Q

reversible causes of dementia

A

Depression
Alcohol related brain damage
Endocrine
Vitamin B deficiencies
Benign Tumors

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8
Q

what is dementia

A

severe loss of memory and other cognitive abilities which leads to impaired daily function (regardless of the underlying cause)

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9
Q

Dementia interview checklist

A

Memory
Language
Numerical Skills
Executive skills
Visuospatial skills
Neglect phenomena
Visual perception
Route finding and landmark
identification
*
Personality and social conduct
Sexual behaviour
Eating
Mood
Motivation/Apathy
Anxiety/Agitation
Delusions/Hallucinations
Activities of daily living
+ Chronology of each

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10
Q

What tools are used for mental state examination?

A

MMSE
ACE III
(15 minutes, and
more memory
focussed)

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11
Q

Dementia examinations

A

Neurological
Mental state

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12
Q

dementia investigations

A

Neuropsychology
Bloods
MRI
PET

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13
Q

bloods for dementia

A

FBC
Inflammatory markers
Thyroid function
Renal function
Glucose
B12 and folate
Clotting

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14
Q

MRI results for alzheimers

A

Narrow gyri
Widened sulci
Ventricles dilate
Medial temporal volume loss
Hippocampus volume loss

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15
Q

What substance is used for in vivo PET scanning for dementia?
What do we look at post mortem

A

18F Florbetapir in vivo
Amyloid post portem

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16
Q

Dementia differential diagnoses

A

Alzheimer’s
Vascular
Lewy Body
FTD
Atypical dementias
Depression
Delirium
None

17
Q

management for dementia

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhbitors
Watch and wait
Treat behavioural and psychological symptoms
OT/ Social Services
Specialist therapies

18
Q

alzheimers presentation

A

subtle, insidious onest amnestic/non amnestic presentations

19
Q

Biomarker patterns in Alzheimer’s

A
20
Q

presentation of vascular dementia

A

classical step wise deterioration +/-multiple infarcts
related to underlying CV disorder

21
Q

lewy body dementia presentation

A

Cognitive impairment before/within 1 year of parkinsonian symptoms, risk of falls
visual hallucinations, REM sleep disorder
fluctuations in cognition

22
Q

presentation of frontotemporal dementia

A

behavioural variant FTD
semantic dementia
progressive non fluent aphasia

23
Q

What is episodic memory?
What parts of the brain does this rely on?

A

Memory for a particular life events
Dependent on the medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus and enterorhinal cortex

24
Q

What are lewy bodies composed of

A

Alpha synuclein

25
Q

how does lewy body dementia look on MRI

A

preserved hippocampal volume

26
Q

what section of ACE may someone with alzheimers struggle in terms of memory

A

name, address
(acute memory)

27
Q

what must be taken into account during an ACE

A

context of individual - socioeconomic status
educational background
political awareness
social interactions

28
Q

what may show visuospatial issues within the ACE

A

drawing
indentifying partial letter
looking at diagrams
counting spots without pointing

29
Q

delirium vs dementia

A

delirium related to physical condition and acute
dementia long standing, usually unchanging based on environment

30
Q

what is the head turning sign of alzheimers

A

looking around to see others’ answers to question as they dont know the answer

31
Q

CSF results for alzheimers

A

lower amyloid
higher Tau proteins

32
Q

what specific marker on PET scan is there for lewy body dementia

A

decreased dopamine transporters caudate and putamen

33
Q

what MRI sign can show frontotemporal dementia

A

loss/atrophy and assymetry of peri-sylvian fissure

Aneesha Flashcards BRS 2 (47 decks)

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