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Aneesha Flashcards BRS 2 > Cortical organisation and function > Flashcards

Cortical organisation and function Flashcards

1
Q

where is the cerebral cortex?
What does it consist of?

A

covers entire surface of the brain
contains grey matter (along with deep nuclei)

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2
Q

What do foldings in the cortex create?

A

Gyri and sulci

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3
Q

what do fissures separate?

A

hemispheres and lobes

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4
Q

What is the microscopic organisation of the brain?

A

Organised into layers and columns

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5
Q

what are Brodmann maps

A

52 regions based cytoarchitecture (cell size, spacing/ packing density and layers)

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6
Q

how are Brodmann maps useful?

A

areas relate to function e.g primary somatosensory (1,2,3), primary motor (4)

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7
Q

What seperates the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices?

A

Central sulcus

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8
Q

what are the different cerebral cortex lobes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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9
Q

what are the functions of the Frontal lobe iM CALM

A

Regulating and initiating Motor function
Cognitive function (executive function e.g. planning)
Attention
Language
Memory

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10
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

sensation - touch/pain
sensory aspects of language
spatial orientation and self-perception

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11
Q

what are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

processing visual information

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12
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe

A

processing auditory information
emotions
memories

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13
Q

what is contained in the limbic lobe?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, cingulate gyrus

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14
Q

what are the functions of the limbic lobe? MEMs and LeaRning

A

MEMs and LeaRning
memory
emotion
motivation
learning
reward

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15
Q

where is the insular lobe?

A

lies deep into lateral fissure

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16
Q

Functions of insular lobe

A

Concerned with visceral sensations (e.g. thirst, hunger, changed internal temp), autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration

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17
Q

what is grey matter?

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

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18
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

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19
Q

what are the types of white matter tracts?

A

association fibres, commissural fibres, projection fibres

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20
Q

what are association fibres?

A

connect areas in same hemisphere

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21
Q

Types of assocation fibres

A

Short fibres
Long fibres

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22
Q

what are commissural fibres?
Examples

A

connect homologous structures in left and right hemispheres

e.g corpus callosum, anterior commissure

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23
Q

what are projection fibres

A

connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)

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24
Q

what association fibres connect the frontal and occipital lobe?

A

superior longitudinal fasciculus

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25
Q

what association fibres connnect the frontal and temporal lobes, specifically Brocas and Wernickes area?

A

arcuate fasciculus

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26
Q

what association fibres connect the temporal and occipital lobes?

A

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

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27
Q

what association fibres connect the anterior frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Uncinate fasciculus

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28
Q

Difference between afferent and efferent projection fibres

A

Afferent – towards cortex
Efferent – away from cortex

29
Q

where do projection fibres radiate and converge?

A

Deeper to cortex radiate as the corona radiata

Converge through the internal capsule (between the thalamus and basal ganglia)

30
Q

Difference between primary and secondary/ association cortices

A

primary- function predictable,organised topographically, symmetry between left and right
secondary- function less predicatble, not organsied topogrphically, left-right symmetry weak or absent

31
Q

what are the motor areas of the frontal lobe?

A

primary
supplementary
premotor

32
Q

what does the primary motor area of the frontal lobe control?

A

controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements.
Provides descending signals to execute movements.

33
Q

what does the supplementary motor area of the frontal lobe control?

A

planning complex movements, internally cued

34
Q

what does the premotor area of the frontal lobe control?

A

planning movements, externally cued

35
Q

what area of the frontal lobe controls fine, discrete voluntary movements?

A

primary motor area

36
Q

what area of the frontal lobe plans complex, internally cued movements?

A

supplementary motor area

37
Q

what area of the frontal lobe plans movements that are externally cued?

A

premotor area

38
Q

what areas are contained in the parietal lobe?

A

primary somatosensory area

somatosensory association area

39
Q

what is controlled by the primary somatosensory area?

A

processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (e.g. fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature.)

40
Q

what is controlled by the somatosensory association area of the parietal lobe?

A

Interpret significance of sensory information, e.g. recognizing an object placed in the hand.
Awareness of self and awareness of personal space

41
Q

what is controlled by the primary visual area of the occipital lobe?

A

processes visual stimuli

42
Q

what is controlled by the visual association area of the occipital lobe?

A

gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

43
Q

what is controlled by the primary auditory area of the temporal lobe?

A

processes auditory stimuli

44
Q

what is controlled by the auditory association area of the temporal lobe?

A

gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

45
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for? APPSD

A

attention
planning
personality expression
adjusting social behaviour
decision making

46
Q

what is the brocas area responsible for?

A

motor aspect of speech, production of language

47
Q

where is the Brocas area?

A

left frontal lobe, just above sylvian fissure

48
Q

what is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

understanding and comprehension of language

49
Q

where is Wernicke’s area found?

A

left temporal lobe, superiorly and caudally

50
Q

what is the result of a frontal lobe lesion?

A

changes in personality, inappropriate behaviour

51
Q

what is the result of a parietal lobe lesion?

A

contralateral neglect
lack of awareness of self on opposite side
lack of awareness of opposite side of extrapersonal space

52
Q

what is the result of a temporal lesion?

A

agnosia (inability to recognise)
possible anterograde amnesia- inability to form new memories

53
Q

what is Brocas aphasia?

A

expressive aphasia - poor production of speech, comprehension intact

54
Q

what is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

receptive aphasia - poor comprehension of language, production is fine

55
Q

what would a lesion to the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe cause?

A

blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

56
Q

what would a lesion to the visual association area of the occipital lobe cause?

A

deficits in interpretation of visual information e.g prosopagnosia: inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces (face blindness)

57
Q

what are the 4 main methods of assessing cortical function?

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
electroencephalography (EEG)
magnetoencephalography (MEG)

58
Q

what is a PET scan?

A

demonstrates the blood flow directly to a brain region

59
Q

what is an fMRI scan?

A

demonstrates amount of blood oxygen in brain regions

60
Q

what is an EEG?

A

measures electrical signals produced by the brain

61
Q

what is an MEG?

A

measures magnetic signals produced by the brsin

62
Q

what are visual evoked potentials?

A

type of encephalography

stimulates visual sensations

63
Q

what are somatosensory evoked potentials?

A

series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways

64
Q

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation?
How is this useful clinically

A

assesses functional integrity of neural circuits, using electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurones
used to
1.investigate neural interactions controlling movement following spinal cord injury
2. Investigate whether a specific brain area is responsible for a function, e.g. speech

65
Q

what is transcranial direct current stimulation

A

uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

66
Q

What imaging is used to assess brain structure

A

DTI
DTI with tractography

67
Q

what is diffusion tensor imaging?

A

scan based on the diffusion of water molecules

68
Q

what is diffusion tensor imaging with tractography?

A

3D reconstruction of brain to assess neural tracts

Aneesha Flashcards BRS 2 (47 decks)

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