Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geriatrics > Dementia > Flashcards

Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

______ term memory is more affected than _____ term memory

A

short term more affected than long term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What part of the brain handles short-term memory? What are the changes w/ age?

A
  • prefrontal cortex

- stable, but may require more effort to encode before decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of memory stays the longest w/ Alzheimer’s?

A

Procedural memory - stuff you do subconsciously

- implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of memory is most affected by Alzheimer’s? Why?

A

Explicit (declarative) episodic - autobiographical of events, contextual knowledge, and associated emotions
- occurs in hippocampus which is diminished in Alzheimer’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Delirium vs Dementia onset

A

Delirium - temporary and has rapid onset

Dementia - slow progression and gradually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Delirium vs Dementia duration

A

Delirium - duration is only as long as the cause of the issue

Dementia - chronic, progressive continuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Delirium vs Dementia attention

A

both have issues with attention but cleared up after delirium ends and does not with dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Delirium vs Dementia consciousness

A

Delirium - has issues w/consciousness

Dementia - there is no issue until the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Delirium vs Dementia speech

A

Delirium - gargled speech, hallucinations

Dementia - continuum depending on the stage of dementia
- early on anomia - difficulty w/ word finding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is also common alongside of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

depression - hard for the patient to verbalize sadness and other feelings of depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is pseudodementia? What helps patient with this?

A

apparent intellectual decline that stems from lack of energy or effort
- responds well to depression treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Difference between pseudodementia from dementia

A
  • more rapid decline in mental function
  • usually not disoriented
  • difficulty w/ concentrating but less difficulty w/ short term memory
  • writing, speaking, and motor skills usually not affected
  • more likely to comment on memory problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: Writing, speaking, and motor skills are usually not affected w/ pseudodementia

A

true - they are affected w/ dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Depression more common in _____ to ______ stages of dementia

A

early to moderate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Increased severity of dementia = ________ prevalence of major depression

A

decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Amnestic vs nonamnestic cognitive impairment

A

Amnestic - memory is impaired but other cognitive functions are spared (prestage of dementia)

Nonamnestic - memory remains intact, but 1 or more other cognitive abilities are significantly impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What level of cognitive impairment does the following pt have: pt feels like their memory is slipping but testing is normal

A

Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What level of cognitive impairment does the following pt have: testing/outcome measure shows change but not severe enough for dementia

A

Mild cognitive impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What level of cognitive impairment does the following pt have: can take care of themselves for the most part - need spouse w/ them or may live in assisted living

A

Mild dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Difference between mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia

A

MCI pt can still take care of themselves at home and mild dementia needs some assistance/supervision w/ ADLs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What level of cognitive impairment does the following pt have: need help w/ ADLs and lots of word finding issues

A

moderate dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What level of cognitive impairment does the following pt have: wheelchair/bed bound, may be non-verbal and need full time care

A

severe dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is vascular dementia caused by?

A

Caused from stroke, atherosclerosis, diabetes, HTN, smoking – anything that inhibits blood flow to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vascular dementia key features

A
  • abrupt most often
  • memory loss usually less severe than Alzheimer’s
  • mood changes and apathy common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

clinical symptoms of vascular dementia

A
  • impaired attention, planning
  • difficulties w/ complex activities
  • disorganized thought
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of dementia is associated w/ complex visual hallucinations? Why?

A

Lewy Bodies Dementia

- temporal and occipital lobes are affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Key features to Lewy Bodies Dementia

A
  • complex visual hallucinations
  • parkinsonism
  • sleep disturbances
  • autonomic symptoms (HTN)
  • fluctuating cognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of dementia can be in conjunction w/ Parkinson’s?

A

Lewy Body Dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Key features of frontotemporal dementia

A
  • younger groups - 50-60 y/o
  • memory in tact in early stage
  • significant changes in behavior and personality
  • disinhibition and impulsiveness are common
30
Q

________ and _________ is more affected in frontotemporal dementia compared to other types of dementia.

A

Behavior and executive function

31
Q

What type of behavior do frontotemporal dementia patients have?

A

disinhibition and impulsiveness

32
Q

Key features of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • gradual loss of memory and function leading to dependence on caregivers
  • eventual inability to recognize family/friends/self
33
Q

diagnostic markers for Alzheimer’s disease.

- How many have to be present?

A
  • medial temporal atrophy
  • temporoparietal hypometabolism
  • abnormal neuronal CSF markers (tau and/or Abeta)

only 1 of 3 must be present

34
Q

Which areas of the brain are most affected by dementia, specifically AD?

A

memory and language

35
Q

What builds up in between neurons in Alzheimer’s patients?

A

amyloid plaques that block signal transmission that leads to cell death

36
Q

What biomarkers are used to determine Alzheimer’s? Where are they found?

A
  • AB42
  • tau
  • p-tau
    all in CSF
37
Q

T/F: High level of amyloids are less likely to have tumor and vice versa

A

true

38
Q

What appears to be driving force behind AD?

A

Beta amyloid

39
Q

Why are drug trials not showing patient improvement in AD?

A

by the time the patient shows symptoms, amyloid accumulation is at the peak and the drugs can only slow further progression
- by the time the drug is given there is simply too much damage done

40
Q

What is APOE? What is the lowest and what is the highest?

A
  • genetic marker for chance to develop AD

APO2 – linked with lowest risk of Alzheimer’s
APO4 – highest risk
- Everyone has 2 of some combination (2 alleles)

41
Q

What type of medication would you want for someone w/ AD?

A

acetylcholinesterase - want something to block the break down of Ach

42
Q

What are the 3 types of memory?

A
  • Short-term memory- Registration
  • Working memory- Processing
  • Long-term memory- Storage and retrieval
43
Q

What is the Zarit Burden scale?

A

survey to see caregiver burn out

44
Q

What is the functional assessment staging (FAST) scale used for?

A

describe the stages of dementia

- stages 1 (normal adult) - 7 (severe AD)

45
Q

What is Blessed and Short Blessed testing for?

A

memory and concentration test

46
Q

What is the dementia screening indicator?

A

simple screening tool that can be used in primary care setting

47
Q

What types of questions are on the functional activities questionnaire? Is it short or long?

A
  • bill paying, tracking current events, transportation questions
  • short test that provides greatest diagnostic utility
48
Q

What is the geriatric depression scale? How long is it?

A
  • self report yes/no questionnaire to identify depression

- long form has 30 questions and short form has 15

49
Q

What is the global deterioration scale? How is it completed?

A

7 stages to characterize where an individual is at in the dementia disease process (done through observation)

50
Q

Mini-Cog consists of what tests?

A

3-step assessment:

  • 3-word registration
  • clock drawing
  • 3-word recall
51
Q

What are the 5 areas of cognitive function?

A
  • orientation
  • registration
  • attention and calculation
  • recall
  • language
52
Q

What is the mini mental state exam (MMSE)?

A

11 question measure that tests 5 areas of cognitive function

  • orientation
  • registration
  • attention and calculation
  • recall
  • language
53
Q

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 0

A

no cognitive impairment

54
Q

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 0.5

A

very mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

55
Q

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 1

A

mild dementia

56
Q

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 2

A

moderate dementia

57
Q

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 3

A

severe dementia

58
Q

What does Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) evaluate?

A
  • 30 question test
  • orientation
  • short term memory
  • executive function/visuospatial ability
  • language abilities
  • animal naming
  • abstraction
  • attention
  • clock-drawing
59
Q

Which test has clock drawing?

A

MoCA and Mini-Cog

60
Q

What is the Trail making test used to assess?

A
  • executive function
  • visual search
  • scanning
  • speed of processing
  • mental flexibility
61
Q

What test uses the task of sewing stitches to evaluate cognition?

A

Allen Cognitive Level Screen (ACLS)

- Measures global cognitive processing abilities through observation of activity performance

62
Q

3 tips for selecting the appropriate test to use on someone w/ cognitive impairments

A
  • short instructions w/ no more than 3 steps
  • short test duration to avoid fatigue
  • select tests based on goal (balance, activity tolerance, etc.)
63
Q

The 6 min walk test has good to excellent test-retest reliability w/ what type of patients? What is 1 downside?

A

mild to moderate dementia and mild to severe dementia

- there is a large MDC

64
Q

What does repeated chair stand test test for?

A

LE strength/power and fall risk

65
Q

What are the 3 parts of the short physical performance battery?

A
  • balance
  • gait speed
  • 5x sit to stand
66
Q

Who is the miniBESTest most appropriate for?

A

MCI and early stages of dementia

67
Q

What measures dynamic walking ability by walking over meandering curved line with emphasis on walking speed and stepping accuracy while changing directions

A

Groningen Meander walking test

68
Q

What type of dementia has the slowest gait speed? Why?

A
  • frontotemporal dementia

- due to frontal lobe involvement

69
Q

What can be a precursor to cognitive issues due to impact on the hippocampus?

A

HTN - associated w/ white matter disease and atrophy

70
Q

What type of exercise is beneficial for executive functions?

A

aerobic activities

71
Q

What reduced gait variability during dual task in both healthy subjects and those with PD – Parkinson’s?

A

tai chi

- rhythmic auditory cueing (RAS) reduced gait variability in patients w/ PD

72
Q

What are the 6 domains of balance?

A
  • biomechanical constraints
  • stability limits/verticality
  • anticipatory postural adjustments
  • postural responses
  • sensory orientation
  • stability in gait

Geriatrics (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions