Age Related Changes and Older Athletes Flashcards
What MSK changes occur with aging?
- bone loss
- water loss
- reduction of elastin
sarcopenia vs cachexia
- Which one responds well to exercises?
sarcopenia - age-related decline in muscle mass
- responds well to exercises
cachexia - decline in muscle/body wasting that does not respond to nutritional support
What type of fibers are lost w/ sarcopenia?
type 2 which affect strength and power
- sit to stand exercises
__________ exercise may not be appropriate in presence of bone loss and dried out connective tissue
high impact
clinical consequence of decline in max HR and VO2Max
smaller aerobic workload - pt will have less endurance
clinical consequence of stiffer, less compliant vascular tissue
higher BP, slower ventricular filling time, reduced CO
clinical consequence of loss of SA node cells
lower max HR
clinical consequence of reduced contractility of vascular walls
slower HR, lower VO2Max, smaller aerobic workload
clinical consequence of thickened capillary basement membrane
reduced arteriovenous O2 uptake
Connective tissue stiffness does what to the muscles?
increases muscular effort required for movement which leads to reduced muscle endurance
clinical consequence of sloughing/loss of myelin
slowed nerve conduction
clinical consequence of axonal loss
fewer muscle fibers, loss of fine sensation
clinical consequence for autonomic nervous system dysfunction
slower systemic function (CV, GI) w/ altered sensory input
clinical consequence of loss of sensory neurons
reduced ability to discern temp and pain
clinical consequence of slowed response time (reaction speed)
increased fall risk
Decreased _______ stability that can increase fall risk
postural
What kind of vision changes can occur as we age?
loss of acuity, visual field, contrast sensitivity
What is presbycusis?
progressive/sensorineural hearing loss
What can changes in sensory function lead to?
depression, poor QoL, cognitive decline, mortality
Advancing age leads to increase _______ inflammation
systemic
Changes in the immune system are associated w/ what?
- muscle wasting
- obesity
- loss of physical function
- diminished organ function which reduces physiologic reserve
What can significantly reduce inflammatory markers?
Exercise!
What secretes inflammatory markers? What can reduce it?
visceral fat
- exercise reduces it
What changes occur in endocrine function w/ aging?
- altered gland function
- decreased hormone production
- decreased tissue repsonsiveness
T/F: Depression is a normal part of aging
false - not normal but is common
In presbycusis, ____-tone frequencies are generally affected before ___-tone frequencies
high tone > low tone
What consonants are difficult to understand w/ prebycusis?
high-pitched - s, t, f, and g
What is conductive hearing loss?
dysfunction of external and/or middle ear
- impairment across all frequencies
How are smell and taste affected w/ age?
smell - less acute w/ age
- Olfactory nerve endings and mucus production decline
taste - taste bud regeneration slows after 50 y/o
How is touch affected by aging?
rather normal with aging but other disease process have affect on loss of touch, pressure, temp, pain, and proprioception
- reduced number of touch receptors
Meissner’s corpuscles
touch/texture
Pacinian corpuscles
pressure/vibration
Krause corpuscles
temperature
proprioceptive loss w/ aging
loss of receptors/function changes joint biomechanics
Altered neuromuscular control affects ___________.
Cerebral cortex cell loss = __________.
When paired w/ other sensory loss, this leads to what?
- postural stability
- reduced sensory interpretation
- increased fall risk
Vestibular dysfunction in aging
degeneration of sensory receptors in otoliths and semicircular canals lead to a decrease in number of vestibular hair cells and neurons
ranking of thickened liquids from least thick to thicck
- nectar
- honey
- pudding
What are the components to the SAFE test?
- waist to hip ratio
- BP, HR, O2 stats, BMI, height, weight
- shoulder flexion, ankle DF
- modified Thomas, foam pillow posture test
- 10 m walk test - fast gait speed
- 5 times sit to stand
- grip strength
- single leg stance eyes closed and foam
