Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

Dementia

A

progressive impairment in one of:

  • learning and memory
  • language
  • social cognition
  • problem solving
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2
Q

Mild cognitive impairment

A

Stage between cognitive decline of normal ageing and dementia
Struggle with memory, reasoning, attention etc

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3
Q

What is normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Reversible cause of dementia, caused by reduced CSF absorption at arachnoid villi - following head injury, subarachnoid or meningitis

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4
Q

Sx normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Urinary incontinence
Dementia
Gait abnormality - similar to Parkinson’s

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5
Q

Tx normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Ventriculoperitoneal shunting

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6
Q

MRI AD

A

Hippocampal atrophy with sparing of motor and sensory cortex - bilateral and symmetrical

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7
Q

MRI FTD

A

Bilateral frontal and temporal atrophy

Left>right

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8
Q

MRI LBD

A

Medial temporal lobe atrophy

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9
Q

Sporadic vs genetic AD

A
  • Sporadic is complex, mediated by APOE e4 homozygosity

- Genetic is autosomal dominant, mediated by PSEN 1 and 2 = increased AB42 production

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10
Q

Sub-types FTD

A
  • Behavioural variant: behavioural and executive dysfunction → frontal and temporal lobe affected
  • Non-fluent primary progressive aphasia - people cannot find words to speak
  • Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia - knowledge and naming difficulties
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11
Q

Prion dementia

A
  • Caused by propagation of misfolded prion proteins in CNS
  • Protein-resistant amyloid containing prion protein (or scrapie prion protein) (PrPSc)
  • PrPSc has high degree of B pleated sheet structure - this occurs spontaneously
  • Cruedtzfelt-Jakob disease
  • Normal prion proteins are in everyone - when unfolded it forms Prion SC form, which causes disease. This causes a chain reaction where all prion proteins are consequently misfolded. The resulting ‘sticky’ protein attaches to neurons and causes them to die
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12
Q

Vascular dementia

A

Infarcts and haemorrhages + progressive demyelination, axon injury, astrocytosis etc

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13
Q

Cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Progressive neurological condition caused by prion proteins - cause amyloid folds in B-pleated sheets

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14
Q

Sx Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Dementia
Myoclonus
Cognitive deficits

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