Dement and kleitman

Question 1

What is rem sleep (Psychology being investigated)

Answer 1

-heart rate ande blood pressure increase
- eye movements speed up
-Vivid dreams
-body is paralyzed and muscles are inactive
-low amplitude and high frequency waves

Question 2

Describe the materials used in the study (psychology being investigated)

Answer 2

-EEG measures cyclical changes in brain activity by measuring amplitude and frequ ncy,
(Used in the study to identify when in rem and when in non rem sleep)and electrodes are attached to the skull
-EOG tracks eye movements during sleep and electrodes are attached around the eye region

Question 3

Apart from a description of rem sleep and the materials used in the study, give two pieces of evidence about the psychogly being investigated

Answer 3

-sleep cycle lasts for 90 minutes and is an example of an ultradian rhythm, which is a biological rhythm which repeats more frequently than once a day.
-dreams are subjective experiences of imagery whilst we are asleep

Question 4

Explain one of the studies done(not be dement and kleitman) as part of the background to the study

Answer 4

Areinsky and kleitman (1955) wanted to investigate whether there was a relationship between sleeping and dreaming, and they foun
-there are various stages that occur during the night alternating between rem and non rem sleep
-that those woken during rem sleep has much more vivid dreams than those woken in Nrem
-that there is an increase in breathing and heart rate during rem

Question 5

As part of the background to the study, explain what a previous dement and kleitman study found

Answer 5

Dement and kleitman (1955),
-that rem sleep occurs during regular intervals throughout the night, in relation to a cyclic change in the depth of sleep, so rem periods get longer throughout the night

Question 6

Give the general aim of the study, then the 4 specific aims

Answer 6

General: to investigate the relationship between eye movements and dreaming

1)Does dream recall differ between rem sleep and Nrem sleep, so does REM equal dreaming
2)Is there a correlation between estimated dream duration and rem period length
2.5)Does the duration of rem sleep correlate with the number of words in the narrative reporters
3)Does REM eye movement correlate to dream type

Question 7

Describe the general procedure of the study, so including its controls

Answer 7

-asked to report to lab a little before personal bed time
-allowed to eatnormal diet but had to refrain from alcholol or caffeine
-2 EOG electrodes placed near the scalp but 2/3 EEG electrodes placed on scalp
-wires gathered into a ponytail at top of the head to prevent possible entanglement and allow freedom of movement
-slept in a dark quiet room
-doorbell was used to wake up at random times between rem and nrem (same one used for ecah participant)
-same tape recorder and mic used to record dreams
-experimenter only allowed to ask questions after participant completely finished recording

Question 8

Describe the first procedure of the study

Answer 8

Researcher monitored the EEG to observe when participants entered rem or non rem seep and then pressed to doorbell at random times in the night

-so participants woken either during rem or in nrem

-immediately after being woken had to report into the mic whether they has dreamed or not and if they had, to describe their dream

-choice of which method was used to wake up the participants varied, eg either using random number table or 3 woke in rem 3 woken in nrem

-expérimenter would sometimes come in and ask further quetsions about the dream but otherwise no other communication between them

Question 9

Give the first indépendant and dependant variable

Answer 9

IV; rem or non rem sleep
Dv;dream recall or not

Question 10

Describe the second specific procedure of the study

Answer 10

Researcher monitored the EEG to observe whether in rem or need sleep and then used a doorbell to awaken

-woken either 5 mins or 1 mins into rem sleep, and had to guess which duration they had dreamed for

-then had to describe their dream snd the number of word in the dream was counted

-although initially were awoken after a variety of different intervals into rem sleep and told to estimate to the neartest min but , this was too difficult for participants bc no fixed choice

Question 11

Give the second procedures IV and DV

Answer 11

IV; woken after 5 or 15 mins
DV;estimated dream length

Question 12

Describe the third specific procedure

Answer 12

Direction of eye movement was tracked using an EOG, and then

-participants
awoken after one eye moveemnt pattern lasted more than 1 minute
-then asked to report their dreams

Question 13

Give the IV and DV for the third procedure

Answer 13

IV; Horizontal or vertical eye movement
DV;subjective report of the dream

Question 14

Give all of the general findings of the study

Answer 14

-all participants experienced both rem and nrem sleep
-those woken in rem went back to nrem sleep
-those woken in nrem went back to nrem sleep

-no rem seen right at the beginning of sleep even though brain waves were like those in rem
-rem stages get longer throughout the night

-average 92 mins time between dreams, and varied from 70-104 mins
-average 20 min uninterrupted dream stage, varying from 3-50 mins

-every individual has a regular rem pattern but patterns varied between individuals

-rem mmoveemnts were irregular of 2-100 rapid eye movements

Question 15

Describe and give the findings of the first aim

Answer 15

-found that rem sleep was predominantly associated with dreaming,

• where there were 152 total instances rem recall amongst participants,bc more recall in rem than in non rem

-where all recall instances in nrem, occurred after 8 mins of previous rem cycle suggesting that these dreams were just remembered from this previous cycle
-80% recall was in rem
-7% recall was in nrem

Question 16

Describe and give the findings of the second aim

Answer 16

-estimation for rem was very accurate,

-except for one participant DN, who could only remeber the after part of the dream so was equally likely to get the etdsimation right r wrong

on 88% of trials they guessed 5 mins correctly, and on 78% of trails they guessed 15 mins correctly , so more likely to estimate 5 mins than 15 mins

Question 17

Give the findings for the third aim

Answer 17

Some relationship between eye movement and dream content

-periods of pure horizontal or pure vertical eye movement was rare

-a few participants experienced pure vertical eye movements and examples are
1)standing at bottom of a cliff, looking up at climbers and trying to operate a hoist
2)climbing up a ladder and looking up and down
3)looking up to shoot a basketball and then looking down to pick up another one

Only one participant reported horizontal eye movement,
-reported watching two pwople throw tomates at each other

Some showed little or no movement and reported starting at an object or arching something in the distance

Question 18

Give thre three conclusions of the study

Answer 18

1)Dreams occur in REM sleep, where dreams in Nrem are just from previous rem episodes
2)Dreams occur in real time, rather than being random instantanous events and people can judge the duration of their time in rem sleep
3)eye moveemnt in rem sleep fits with what the dreamer is looking at, so eye movement is not random and instead fits with what the dreamer is looking at and where, so is related to dream imagery

Question 19

Explain the research method and design used for this study

Answer 19

It was a LAB EXPERIMENT and a SELF REPORT

-lab experiment because slept in a lab overnight away from usual bed and had electrodes attached
-self report because particants had to give a subjective report about what they were dreaming about

-repeated measures design used, bc all participants took parât in the same levels of the independent variable, so in the same procedure

Question 20

Explain the sample used in the study

Answer 20

-a self selected volunteer sample was used,
-all participants were from Chicago

-participants were all identified by their initials

-initially 9 in total, so 7 male and 2 females

-only 5 studied in delta heowver, 1 female and 1 male

-other 4 left because they excercised their right to withdraw after a few trials so were used to confirm the reliability of the other 5 left

Question 21

Explain how the study relates to the two biological assumptions

Answer 21

Assumption 1)
-sleep wake cycle is a bioligal system comprising of 90 min ultradian rhythms
-the nervous system manipulates eyes movements which positvlye correlates to dream content in the study eg vertcial eye moments correlated to long up and down to climb a ladder

Assumption 2)
Similarities and differences between people were observed using brain scans and eyes movements

-eg Eg each patient was connected to an EEG, which was used to measure eg lenght of rem duration

-differences are however how long an uninterrupted dream stage lasted, which varied between 3-50 mins,
Or how much time was in between dreams which varied from 70-104 minutes