Deicing And Anti-icing Flashcards
What is recommended after landing if the airplane will be exposed to freezing temperatures?
Perform three (3) engine dry crank cycles for ten (10) seconds each on each engine, using APU bleed air.
This helps purge accumulated water out of the Starter Air Valve (SAV) and prevents ice from obstructing air passages.
What is the maximum duration for engine dry cranking to be effective?
10 seconds.
Longer cranking is not advised as it does not effectively purge water from the air passages of the SAV.
What should the flight crew ensure if remaining overnight at airports with limited support?
The cabin pressurization system outflow valve is closed.
This is accomplished by selecting the LEFT and RIGHT MAIN BATTERIES to ON.
What is the purpose of performing dry crank cycles on the engines?
To purge accumulated water out of the Starter Air Valve (SAV) and prevent ice from obstructing air passages.
This is particularly important prior to the next engine start in freezing temperatures.
True or False: Dry cranking longer than 10 seconds is advised.
False.
Longer dry cranking is not effective for purging water from the SAV.
Fill in the blank: The flight crew should select the LEFT and RIGHT MAIN BATTERIES to _______ to ensure the cabin pressurization system outflow valve is closed.
ON
What is the first step in the cabin pressure control panel adjustments?
Select the FAULT / MANUAL switch to MANUAL.
What should you do after selecting the FAULT / MANUAL switch to MANUAL?
Rotate the MAN HOLD to DESCEND and hold.
When should you release the MAN HOLD knob?
When the outflow valve position indicator needle is fully left (CLOSE position).
What should be done with the LEFT and RIGHT MAIN BATTERIES after adjusting cabin pressure?
Select them to OFF.
What safety measure should be taken regarding wheel chocks?
Ensure wheel chocks are in place and the parking brake is released (off).
Why is it important to release the parking brake if moisture has entered the brake assembly?
To forestall the possibility of brakes freezing in this position.
What should be installed to protect the aircraft after shutdown?
External protective covers and plugs.
What should be replenished after engine shutdown?
Engine oil and hydraulic fluid.
What is critical regarding the engine oil and hydraulic fluid replenishing systems after cold weather exposure?
They may not be operable.
What must be completed soon after flight for water storage compartments?
Servicing of potable water and waste water tanks.
What are the factors determining the need to drain water storage compartments?
Ambient temperature and cold-soak period.
What should be ensured if draining water storage compartments?
No residual fluids before the fill/drain caps are installed.
What can happen if residual fluids are not removed before installing caps?
Fluids can freeze immediately behind the fill/drain caps.
What should be done to the drain valves when the airplane is at temperatures below 0°C (32°F)?
Leave them open to permit residual fluids to escape.
What should be drained to protect from freezing in galley equipment?
Items which contain water, such as coffee makers and water boilers/heaters.
What is a necessary action for water taps in the galley?
Operate them several times to ensure supply lines are empty.
What should be done with toilets to prevent freezing?
Ensure all toilets are drained.
What is recommended for life rafts exposed to temperatures below -28°C (-20°F)?
Remove them from the airplane.
What happens to the CO2 cartridge at temperatures lower than -28°C (-20°F)?
It may discharge.
What should be done with main airplane batteries exposed to temperatures below -20°C (0°F)?
Remove and store them in a warmer area.
What temperature range is suitable for storing batteries?
Warmer than -20°C (0°F) but below 40°C (104°F).
What must be ensured regarding all access doors of the airplane?
They are closed to prevent snow or rain from entering.
What should be ensured before operating the airplane in snowy or rainy conditions?
The main cabin door, baggage compartment door, and all access doors are closed to prevent snow or rain from entering the airplane.
At what outside air temperature is tank draining not required?
Above 10°C (50°F).
What document takes precedence in case of conflict between the guide and the Aircraft Maintenance Manual?
Aircraft Maintenance Manual and/or Airplane Flight Manual.
What section contains procedures for ensuring safe operation during icing conditions?
Ground De-Icing / Anti-Icing Procedures.
What does the FAA provide guidance for?
The application of Type I-IV Deicing and Anti-Icing fluids.
What is the ultimate responsibility of the Pilot-In-Command (PIC) regarding ice, snow, or frost on an airplane?
To determine that all critical components of the airplane are free of ice, snow, or frost formations.
This is essential for safe takeoff as per Federal Aviation Regulations.
What must be accomplished shortly before takeoff in icing conditions?
An inspection of critical airplane surfaces and components.
This is to ensure a safe takeoff.
What is the purpose of the de-icing step?
To remove ice, snow, or frost from the airplane surfaces.
This is performed using heated solutions.
What is involved in the anti-icing step?
Applying full strength Type I or stronger mixture of SAE or ISO Type II and water at cooler temperatures to critical surfaces.
This prevents refreezing after the de-icing step.
If heated water is used for de-icing, when must the anti-icing step be accomplished?
Before refreezing occurs, generally within 3 minutes after beginning of deicing step.
Coordination with ground de-icing crew is vital.
What is the benefit of using heated solutions of FPD fluids for de-icing?
It produces a lower freeze point on the airplane surfaces.
This enhances the effectiveness of the anti-icing process.
What should the Pilot-In-Command (PIC) do regarding the de-icing fluid mixture?
Consult with the ground de-icing crew to verify that the mixture is suitable for the atmospheric conditions.
This ensures compliance with recommended dilution mixtures based on Outside Air Temperature (OAT).
What types of de-icing fluids are referred to as Freezing Point Depressant (FPD) fluids?
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) or International Standards Organization (ISO) Type I fluids are generally used in North America. SAE/SO Type II fluids, also referred to as Association of European Airlines (AEA), are generally used in Europe.
What methods are included in de-icing/anti-icing?
- Mechanical means
- Spraying of de-icing fluids
- Combination of both methods
Mechanical means may include brooms, brushes, squeegees, and/or nylon ropes.
What document provides guidelines for fluid application in de-icing/anti-icing?
FAA Holdover Time Guidelines document.
It includes the Index of FAA Fluid Application Guidelines.
Fill in the blank: The use of other Type I-IV fluids must be approved in writing by the _______.
Gulfstream Engineering Department.
This ensures compliance with safety standards.
True or False: Maintenance concepts for ground de-icing/anti-icing are consistent across all FBOs.
False.
However, basic de-icing/anti-icing procedures prevail throughout the industry.
What type of fluids are generally used in North America for de-icing?
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Type I fluids
SAE Type I fluids are designed for de-icing and anti-icing applications.
What type of fluids are generally used in Europe for de-icing?
SAE/ISO Type II fluids, also referred to as Association of European Airlines (AEA) fluids
Type II fluids are formulated for use in colder climates.
What is the maximum recommended pressure when applying de-icing fluid?
300 psi or greater
Excessive pressure can damage paint or aircraft structure.
In what order should de-icing fluid be sprayed on the aircraft?
From nose to tail and top to bottom
This technique prevents fluid accumulation in sheltered areas.
What areas should never be sprayed with de-icing/anti-icing fluid?
Air inlet or exhaust areas, open tubes or ports, trailing edge of wings, control surfaces, vortex generators, static wicks
Avoiding these areas prevents operational hazards.
How should wing and tail surfaces be sprayed?
From tip to root
This method ensures even coverage and effectiveness.
What is the recommended approach for spraying cabin and cockpit windows?
Avoid spraying heated fluids directly onto them
This prevents damage or distortion of the glass.
What thickness of frost should be removed from underwing areas?
Frost in excess of 1/8 inch thickness
All frost on leading edges and upper surfaces should also be removed.
How should the aircraft be sprayed for de-icing?
Symmetrically, treating both wings and tail
Asymmetrical spraying can lead to imbalance.
What is the purpose of de-icing and anti-icing fluids?
To protect aircraft surfaces from ice accumulation
De-icing fluids help remove ice, while anti-icing fluids prevent ice from forming.
Should the fluid be applied directly to specified points?
No
Specific points for fluid application are indicated in operational guidelines.
What document provides holdover times for de-icing fluids?
03-00-210: Holdover Times for SAE Type I, II, III, and IV Fluid Mixtures
This document outlines the expected times of protection for various fluid types.
What factors can shorten the time of protection for de-icing fluids?
- Wet snow
- Wet airplane surface
- High wind velocity
- Unfavorable wind direction
These factors lead to unwanted run down of the protective fluid film.
True or False: The holdover times for de-icing fluids are consistent regardless of meteorological conditions.
False
Holdover times vary significantly based on weather conditions and application methods.
Fill in the blank: The time of protection for de-icing fluids is significantly shortened by _______.
unfavorable meteorological conditions
Conditions such as wet surfaces and high winds can affect fluid performance.
What should be selected when KU or KA broadband multi-link systems are installed during de-icing?
Select KU SAT-BROADBAND or KA-SAT-BBND SPDS soft switch to OFF
This prevents high levels of exposure to electromagnetic radiation during SATCOM transmissions.
Where should Type I, III, or IV de-icing fluid generally not be applied?
Forward of the leading edges of the wing and forward of cockpit windows
Ensure that the radome and cockpit windows are clean.
What is the caution regarding spraying de-icing fluid near engine or APU inlets?
Do not spray de-icing fluid in areas where spray or fluid may enter the engine or APU air inlets
De-icing fluid may be used to clear these areas if thoroughly wiped clean before starting.
What could develop if a de-icing solution is sprayed into the engine or APU inlets while operating?
A potentially unsafe condition in the cabin
Engine bleeds should be off and doors and outflow valve closed during de-icing operations to minimize the risk of cabin environment contamination.
What is the recommended procedure for optimum de-icing?
Apply an even film of de-icing fluid on all surfaces
Type I and/or Type II fluids should be applied as specified by manufacturer recommendations.
What should be done if the nose of the aircraft has been de-iced?
It must be wiped down with isopropyl alcohol
This ensures no fluid runs back on the windshield.
Fill in the blank: Type I and / or Type II fluids should be applied as specified by _______.
[manufacturer recommendations]
True or False: It is acceptable to apply Type I fluid forward of the cockpit windows.
False
Type I fluid should not be applied forward of the cockpit windows.
What is the economical approach to applying de-icing fluid?
Start on the highest part of the fuselage, wings, etc. and cover evenly from there toward lower sections.
What should be done with the APU during de-icing operations to minimize risk?
APU should be shut down and the inlet door closed
This is recommended to minimize the risk of cabin environment contamination.
What is the recommended method for applying de-icing solution?
A fine mist of de-icing solution repeated two or three times over the affected area is more effective than a solid stream.
Where should de-icing fluid be applied when wet snow conditions exist?
To the lower surface of ailerons, horizontal stabilizer, elevator, and landing gear.
What must be completed after de-icing?
A complete operational check of flight controls is mandatory.
What should be removed from the leading edge of the horizontal stabilizer?
Any ice or snow contamination.
What areas of the vertical stabilizer and rudder should be cleaned?
The leading edge, side panels, rudder, and the gap between rudder and stabilizer.
How should snow be removed from the fuselage?
From top-to-bottom, avoiding spraying heated fluids directly on cabin and cockpit windows.
What should be ensured regarding the radome area before departure?
The radome area should be clean.
What should be avoided when spraying de-icing fluid?
Avoid spraying directly on pitot tubes, static ports, and Air Data probes.
How should the wings be cleaned?
From wing tip to wing root, ensuring leading edge is free of ice.
What is the caution regarding de-icing fluid and engine inlets?
DO NOT USE DE-ICING FLUID TO REMOVE SNOW/ICE FROM ENGINE INLET.
What should be done immediately after de-icing the engines?
Start the engine(s) immediately to prevent any re-icing condition.
What must be verified before starting the engine?
The LP fan must be verified to be free to rotate.
Fill in the blank: The PIC should conduct a hands-on inspection to verify that the _______ is clean.
leading edge, upper and lower wing surfaces
True or False: It is acceptable to spray heated fluids directly on cockpit windows.
False
How should snow/ice removal from engine inlets be accomplished?
Using mechanical means and hot air for frozen deposits
Do not spray de-icing fluid directly into the engine core.
What should be avoided when dealing with brakes and wheels during de-icing?
Do not use de-icing fluid on the brakes and/or wheels
Tires, wheels, brakes, struts, side braces, and uplocks should be free of snow/ice.
What should be ensured for the main and baggage compartment doors?
Seals, hinges, and tracks should be free of snow/ice and operate properly
This prevents refreezing in flight.
When should the preflight de-icing inspection checklist be performed?
Immediately following ground de-icing or during the anti-icing process
This ensures the aircraft is ready for departure.
What surfaces must be free of snow, ice, and/or frost accumulation during preflight inspection? (List at least three)
- Wing Leading Edges
- Wing Upper and Lower Surfaces
- Wing Trailing Edges
- Areas Around Flight Control Actuators
- Vertical and Horizontal Stabilizers
- Flaps and Flap Tracks
- Ground and Flight Spoilers
- Ailerons, Elevator, and Rudder
- Engine Inlets
- All Cockpit Windows
- Antennas
- Fuselage
- Air Data (ADS) and Total Air Temperature (TAT) Probe
- Fuel Tank Vents
- Cooling and APU Air Intakes
Ensure all these items are inspected for snow/ice before flight.
What is the recommendation after completing the preflight inspection?
Depart as soon as possible
This is especially important if the airplane is clean and adequately protected.
What conditions are important for de-icing in terms of temperature?
Conditions of precipitation or high relative humidity
Specifically, a small temperature / dew point spread is significant.
What is underwing frost and when can it occur?
Frost that may form between the forward and aft wing spars following extended high-altitude flight or during ground operation
It can occur at ambient temperatures well above freezing and may precede clear ice formation.
What is the ‘Car Wash’ de-icing process?
A final de-icing checkpoint that employs a ‘car wash’ spray gantry or ground crews to apply de-icing fluid just prior to takeoff
This process is used at some domestic and international airports.
What should be done with the APU during the ‘Car Wash’ de-icing process?
The APU should be shutdown with the inlet door closed
Additionally, bleed air valves and the air conditioning system should also be shutdown.
What caution is advised regarding de-icing fluids during exterior de-icing?
Ensure de-icing fluid does not enter the engine or APU inlets
Extreme care should be taken to prevent this.
What should the engine power setting be during de-icing?
Engines should be left in idle
This reduces chances of injury to personnel at inlet or exhaust areas.
True or False: Underwing frost can only occur at freezing temperatures.
False
Underwing frost can occur at ambient temperatures well above freezing.
Fill in the blank: It is recommended that the wings be _______ prior to departure.
de-iced
This recommendation depends on atmospheric conditions.
What is the purpose of de-icing the upper surface of the horizontal stabilizer?
To prevent high levels of exposure to electromagnetic radiation during SATCOM transmissions.
What should be done after exterior de-icing with engines or APU operating?
Perform post de-icing inspection.
Fill in the blank: The CABIN ALT Knob should be set to ______ after exterior de-icing.
CLIMB (TROV FULL OPEN)
What is the status of the FAULT / MAN Switch (CPC Panel) after de-icing?
DESELECT MANUAL.
What should the status of the L ENG BLEED / R ENG BLEED / APU AIR be after de-icing?
.ON
Fill in the blank: The Seat Belt should be ______ after de-icing.
ON
What action should be taken with the flaps after de-icing?
CYCLE UNTIL LEFT HYDRAULIC TEMPERATURE > - 15°C
What is the recommended action regarding Nose Wheel Steering Power after de-icing?
ON
What should be referred to after de-icing before takeoff?
Refer to Taxi / Before Takeoff in the AFM.
What should be done immediately after the airplane is de-iced if desired?
Apply ground anti-icing process.
What mixture is applied during the ground anti-icing process?
SAE / ISO Type I / Type II / Type III / Type IV fluid and water.
What is required if the recommended holdover time is exceeded?
A pre-takeoff inspection is required.
With Type II, Type III, or Type IV fluids applied, what is the maximum cumulative time with Wing Anti-Ice on prior to takeoff?
20 minutes.
What must be done if the 20-minute cumulative limit is exceeded?
Fluid must be cleaned off the leading edges, then reapplied if necessary.
Is it recommended to use diluted de-icing fluid for anti-icing?
No.
What is required for optimum anti-icing?
Even film of anti-icing fluid applied on all surfaces.
Where should the application of anti-icing fluid start for economical results?
On highest part of fuselage, wings, etc.
What indicates that the correct amount of fluid has been applied?
Fluid just starts to run off.
What must be done if the nose of the aircraft has been anti-iced?
It must be wiped down to ensure no fluid runs back on the windshield.
Can anti-icing solution be applied after the onset of light frost?
Yes, anti-icing solution can still be applied and produce expected results.
What should be done with heavy frozen deposits on the aircraft?
They shall be removed by de-icing procedure, followed by application of cold anti-icing solution.
What is mandatory after completion of anti-icing?
A complete operational check of flight controls is mandatory.
What is the source of the Holdover Time (HOT) content published by Gulfstream?
It is sourced from the FAA Holdover Time Guidelines document.
When does the FAA typically publish a new version of the Holdover Time document?
Typically in early August for each winter operating season.
What happens to the previous Holdover Time document when a new one is published?
The previous document becomes obsolete.
Whose responsibility is it to review the Holdover Time document in its entirety?
It is the responsibility of the operator.
What is stated about SAE Type I, II, III, or IV fluids not on the Gulfstream-approved fluids list?
They are not authorized for use, and damage to aircraft surfaces may result.
When does the holdover clock start?
It starts at the beginning of the fluid application.
